Table 3 Effect of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) use among patients with prior heart failure (HF).

NSAID use	History of HF	Cases (n = 1396)	Controls (n = 5000)	Adjusted RR* (95% CI)
No†	No	307	1927	1
Current use	No	121	493	1.28 (0.99 to 1.66)
No	Yes	180	87	7.18 (5.25 to 9.82)
Current use	Yes	75	31	8.60 (5.34 to 13.84)

*Frequency matched on age, sex and calendar year and adjusted for sex, age, calendar year, body mass index, smoking, alcohol, aspirin, steroids, acetaminophen, anticoagulants, diabetes, coronary heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, valvular diseases, rhythm disorders, renal failure, hypertension and hospitalisations in the previous year.

†Includes only non‐use (the remaining 713 cases and 2462 controls who were recent and past users of NSAIDs are not included).

RR, relative risk.