Table 3 Risk associated with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy relative to the normal electrocardiogram.
| Outcome, systolic function | ECG LVH present, n (%) | ECG normal, n (%) | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | p Value | p Value interaction* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CV death or HF hospitalisation | |||||||
| Overall | 418 (35.1) | 139 (18.6) | 1.78 (1.46 to 2.16) | <0.001 | 1.27 (1.04 to 1.55) | 0.018 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 307 (41.0) | 49 (22.9) | 2.03 (1.50 to 2.75) | <0.001 | 1.44 (1.06 to 1.96) | 0.019 | 0.219 |
| Preserved LVEF | 111 (25.0) | 90 (16.9) | 1.61 (1.22 to 2.12) | <0.001 | 1.14 (0.85 to 1.52) | 0.379 | |
| CV death | |||||||
| Overall | 255 (21.4) | 62 (8.3) | 2.17 (1.64 to 2.87) | <0.001 | 1.50 (1.13 to 1.99) | 0.006 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 183 (24.5) | 24 (11.2) | 2.38 (1.56 to 3.64) | <0.001 | 1.68 (1.09 to 2.58) | 0.019 | 0.908 |
| Preserved LVEF | 72 (16.2) | 38 (7.1) | 2.43 (1.64 to 3.59) | <0.001 | 1.58 (1.05 to 2.37) | 0.029 | |
| Sudden death | |||||||
| Overall | 121 (10.2) | 23 (3.1) | 2.63 (1.68 to 4.12) | 0.002 | 1.96 (1.24 to 3.08) | 0.004 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 91 (12.2) | 9 (4.2) | 3.11 (1.57 to 6.17) | 0.001 | 2.28 (1.14 to 4.55) | 0.019 | 0.848 |
| Preserved LVEF | 30 (3.8) | 14 (2.6) | 2.73 (1.45 to 5.14) | 0.002 | 1.93 (1.00 to 3.71) | 0.049 | |
| Death due to HF progression | |||||||
| Overall | 72 (6.0) | 15 (2.0) | 2.47 (1.41 to 4.33) | <0.001 | 1.47 (0.84 to 2.60) | 0.180 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 58 (7.8) | 4 (1.9) | 4.54(1.65 to 12.50) | 0.003 | 2.89 (1.04 to 8.02) | 0.042 | 0.068 |
| Preserved LVEF | 14 (3.2) | 11 (2.1) | 1.62 (0.74 to 3.58) | 0.228 | 0.90 (0.39 to 2.04) | 0.793 | |
| HF hospitalisation | |||||||
| Overall | 279 (23.4) | 103 (13.8) | 1.65 (1.31 to 2.08) | <0.001 | 1.19 (0.94 to 1.50) | 0.148 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 203 (27.1) | 35 (16.4) | 1.87 (1.31 to 2.68) | <0.001 | 1.35 (0.94 to 1.95) | 0.105 | 0.221 |
| Preserved LVEF | 76 (17.1) | 68 (12.7) | 1.45 (1.04 to 2.01) | 0.027 | 1.03 (0.73 to 1.44) | 0.884 | |
| CV death, HF hospitalisation, non‐fatal MI, non‐fatal stroke | |||||||
| Overall | 469 (39.3) | 157 (21.0) | 1.84 (1.53 to 2.21) | <0.001 | 1.35 (1.12 to 1.62) | 0.002 | |
| Reduced LVEF | 332 (44.4) | 53 (24.8) | 2.05 (1.53 to 2.74) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.11 to 2.00) | 0.008 | 0.377 |
| Preserved LVEF | 137 (30.9) | 104 (19.5) | 1.74 (1.35 to 2.25) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.99 to 1.67) | 0.063 | |
CV, cardiovascular; ECG, electrocardiogram; ECG LVH, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction.
*Interaction between presence of ECG LVH (v ECG normal) and reduced LVEF (v preserved LVEF).