Table 4 Risk associated with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy, presence relative to absence.

Outcome, systolic function	ECG LVH present, n (%)	ECG LVH absent, n (%)	Unadjusted HR (95% CI)	p Value	Adjusted HR (95% CI)	p value	p Value interaction*
CV death or HF hospitalisation
Overall	418 (35.1)	2042 (31.9)	1.10 (0.99 to 1.23)	0.064	1.07 (0.96 to 1.19)	0.230	0.572
Reduced LVEF	307 (41.0)	1454 (38.0)	1.10 (0.97 to 1.24)	0.144	1.06 (0.94 to 1.21)	0.348
Preserved LVEF	111 (25.0)	588 (22.8)	1.13 (0.92 to 1.38)	0.247	1.12 (0.91 to 1.38)	0.286
CV death
Overall	255 (21.4)	1205 (18.8)	1.11 (0.97 to 1.28)	0.116	1.09 (0.95 to 1.26)	0.208	0.621
Reduced LVEF	183 (24.5)	937 (24.5)	0.99 (0.85 to 1.16)	0.925	0.98 (0.83 to 1.16)	0.828
Preserved LVEF	72 (16.2)	268 (10.4)	1.60 (1.24 to 2.08)	<0.001	1.60 (1.22 to 2.09)	<0.001
HF hospitalisation
Overall	279 (23.4)	1396 (21.8)	1.08 (0.95 to 1.23)	0.233	1.04 (0.91 to 1.19)	0.534	0.136
Reduced LVEF	203 (27.1)	955 (24.9)	1.10 (0.95 to 1.28)	0.202	1.07 (0.92 to 1.25)	0.373
Preserved LVEF	76 (17.1)	441 (17.1)	1.03 (0.81 to 1.31)	0.827	1.01 (0.78 to 1.29)	0.950
CV death, HF hospitalisation, non‐fatal MI, non‐fatal stroke
Overall	469 (39.3)	2220 (34.6)	1.15 (1.04 to 1.27)	0.007	1.12 (1.02 to 1.25)	0.024	0.490
Reduced LVEF	332 (44.4)	1540 (40.2)	1.12 (0.99 to 1.26)	0.061	1.10 (0.98 to 1.25)	0.111
Preserved LVEF	137 (30.9)	680 (26.4)	1.22 (1.01 to 1.46)	0.036	1.21 (1.00 to 1.46)	0.052

CV, cardiovascular; ECG, electrocardiogram; ECG LVH, electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; MI, myocardial infarction.

*Interaction between presence of ECG LVH (v absence of ECG LVH) and reduced LVEF (v preserved LVEF).