Actin concentration and force at onset buckling. The force (A) and the actin concentration (B) are plotted against the end-to-end distance, for different attachment conditions (BC1, solid line; BC2, dashed line; BC3, dotted line). We use Lp = 15 μm. To appreciate the role of actin in the buckling of short filaments, note that the critical actin monomer concentration for the free barbed end is 0.1 μM.