Table 3.

A comparison of the proportion of stunted children among males and females in each of the asset index quintile from 1^st(poorest) to 5^th(least poor) and in each of the mothers' education groups.

Country (year of study)	Sex	Percentage stunted by household asset index quintile					p-value for test of trend	Percentage stunted by mothers education status			p-value for test of trend
		1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th		Nil	Primary	Secondary
Zimbabwe (1999)	M	33.1	28.4	27.3	24.2	24.3	0.007	31.0	31.9	22.7	0.001
	F	30.6	28.9	23.7	23.8	14.5	0.001	36.9	25.9	21.7	0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.49	0.90	0.46	0.91	0.01		0.35	0.02	0.67
Zambia (2001/02)b	M	57.0		51.5	47.9	34.1	< 0.001	53.8	52.4	36.1	< 0.001
	F	52.0		46.2	44.5	36.1	< 0.001	52.2	47.5	35.9	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.03		0.04	0.30	0.48		0.64	< 0.01	0.95
Zambia (1996)	M	49.0	51.9	47.0	43.5	28.3	< 0.001	50.0	46.5	33.4	< 0.001
	F	54.1	52.4	44.3	39.3	25.2	< 0.001	51.1	45.4	30.9	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.20	0.83	0.48	0.11	0.28		0.76	0.53	0.37
Uganda (2000/01)	M	46.9	45.9	44.0	30.8	26.7	< 0.001	46.7	39.4	26.7	< 0.001
	F	44.2	41.1	39.5	33.1	22.5	< 0.001	46.7	34.9	25.7	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.38	0.13	0.11	0.45	0.14		0.99	< 0.01	0.77
Uganda (1995/6)	M	44.7	44.9	42.2	35.9	21.6	< 0.001	44.6	38.9	23.2	< 0.001
	F	42.1	38.1	32.4	35.8	16.9	< 0.001	41.6	32.9	19.3	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.40	0.04	< 0.01	1.00	0.08		0.30	< 0.01	0.21
Tanzania (1999)	M	54.7	47.3	37.8	36.9	22.6	< 0.001	44.9	42.4	19.7	< 0.001
	F	53.1	41.9	44.9	32.6	19.0	< 0.001	47.0	38.1	19.9	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.67	0.31	0.23	0.28	0.35		0.59	0.09	0.98
Tanzania (1996)b	M	56.2		47.2	45.5	29.6	< 0.001	52.9	44.3	31.0	< 0.001
	F	50.5		44.0	40.7	30.5	< 0.001	48.1	41.7	24.2	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.01		0.22	0.16	0.74		0.06	0.12	0.22
Nigeria (2003)	M	52.4	51.8	42.8	33.1	24.1	< 0.001	52.7	39.6	21.6	< 0.001
	F	44.2	44.0	36.2	33.7	19.6	< 0.001	45.9	32.1	19.6	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.01	0.04	0.03	0.85	0.11		< 0.01	0.01	0.38
Nigeria (1999)	M	58.2	54.4	47.2	46.8	41.1	0.002	57.4	43.2	43.4	0.002
	F	52.4	53.6	44.4	34.8	36.2	0.001	55.2	36.6	34.6	0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.41	0.88	0.66	0.03	0.34		0.68	0.17	0.04
Namibia (2000)	M	30.7	23.0	23.8	20.7	13.9	< 0.001	29.8	26.7	17.0	< 0.001
	F	31.4	24.3	17.2	20.3	10.3	< 0.001	30.7	24.3	14.4	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.87	0.72	0.08	0.89	0.19		0.84	0.38	0.20
Malawi (2000)	M	57.0	56.2	48.8	48.2	34.6	< 0.001	53.7	48.3	28.7	< 0.001
	F	53.2	48.9	47.1	46.4	34.0	< 0.001	52.2	45.1	26.7	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.07	0.01	0.48	0.40	0.78		0.44	< 0.01	0.57
Kenya (2003)	M	39.6	35.7	34.4	25.8	24.0	< 0.001	36.2	35.7	20.8	< 0.005
	F	35.2	29.3	29.1	24.1	11.5	< 0.001	31.8	29.8	13.7	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.18	0.02	0.08	0.58	0.01		0.17	< 0.01	< 0.01
Kenya (1998)	M	46.0	42.3	28.2	31.7	25.5	< 0.001	44.5	37.2	24.0	< 0.001
	F	37.0	35.9	25.3	27.9	15.3	< 0.001	42.9	30.9	16.0	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.03	0.10	0.41	0.31	0.01		0.76	< 0.01	< 0.01
Ghana (2003)	M	39.2	40.6	29.7	36.0	20.7	< 0.001	41.0	29.1	25.1	< 0.001
	F	36.3	33.3	24.1	31.0	15.4	< 0.001	36.3	20.8	21.8	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.52	0.03	0.13	0.20	0.11		0.06	0.01	0.12
Ghana (1998)	M	37.8	35.1	39.4	28.9	13.8	< 0.001	35.8	32.8	22.2	< 0.001
	F	34.4	27.0	27.5	25.2	12.2	< 0.001	31.9	24.5	18.2	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.42	0.01	0.08	0.31	0.60		0.15	0.04	0.12
Cameroon (1998)	M	38.2	35.5	36.5	25.6	14.9	< 0.001	41.3	28.3	20.7	< 0.001
	F	32.0	32.6	22.5	18.9	18.2	< 0.001	35.0	24.4	17.6	< 0.001
Pearson χ2test		0.24	0.56	0.01	0.14	0.42		0.13	0.23	0.37

M = Male; F = Female; ^bThe asset index in this survey was categorised in quartiles

Pearson chi square test for each male-female comparison and p-values for the test of trend across quintiles or mothers education groups is indicated.