TABLE 1.
Demographic and Growth Parameters for all 1st Grade Children, Children with FASD and Randomly-selected Controls: Western Cape Community, South Africa: Wave III.
| Variable | All Sub-A Children (N = 818) | Control Children** (n =145) | Children with Partial FAS (n = 18) | Children with FAS (n = 55) | Statistical Test | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | ||||||
| Males | 51.5 | 47.6 | 61.1 | 58.2 | ||
| Females | 48.5 | 52.4 | 38.9 | 41.8 | x2 = 2.54 NS | (0.281)a |
| Age (months) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 87.8 (6.56) | 87.5 (6.29) | 91.6 (6.63)2 | 93.7(10.28)3 | F = 14.33 | <0.001b |
| Height (cm) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 119.0 (5.95) | 119.0 (5.95)* | 114.8 (4.51)2 | 114.3 (4.92)3 | F = 16.59 | <0.001b |
| Weight (kg) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.8 (3.75) | 21.8 (3.58)* | 19.3 (2.29)2 | 18.3 (2.41)3 | F = 26.18 | <0.001b |
| Average BMI for Age | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 15.5 (0.21) | 15.5 (0.22) | 15.6 (0.18) | 15.7 (0.39)3 | F = 11.13 | <0.001b |
| Child’s BMI | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 15.3 (1.72) | 15.3 (1.66) | 14.6 (1.10) | 13.9 (1.16)3,4 | F = 17.67 | <0.001b |
| BMI Percentile | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 38.6 (26.57) | 39.6 (25.14) | 24.4 (19.65)1 | 14.4 (15.82)3,4 | F = 25.45 | <0.001b |
| Occipital Circumference (OFC) (cm) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | 50.9 (1.70) | 50.9 (1.35)* | 49.5 (1.25)3 | 48.3 (1.19)3,6 | F = 79.20 | <0.001b |
| Palpebral Fissure Length (cm) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | - | 2.5 (0.12) | 2.3 (0.09)3 | 2.3 (0.11)3,5 | F = 96.53 | <0.001b |
| Philtrum Length (cm) | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | - | 1.4 (0.22)* | 1.4 (0.24) | 1.4 (0.21) | F = 0.61 | NS (0.542)b |
| Short Intercanthal Distance (%) | - | 15.9 | 0.0 | 30.9 | x2 = 10.44 | 0.005a |
| Short Interpupilary Distance (%) | - | 15.9 | 0.0 | 30.9 | x2 = 10.44 | 0.005a |
| Hypoplastic Midface (%) | - | 19.3 | 50.0 | 45.5 | x2 = 17.87 | <0.001a |
| “Railroad Track” Ears (%) | - | 2.8 | 16.7 | 14.5 | x2 = 11.58 | 0.003a |
| Strabismus (%) | - | 0.7 | 0.0 | 5.5 | x2 = 5.39 | NS (0.067)a |
| Ptosis (%) | - | 2.1 | 5.6 | 18.2 | x2 = 17.25 | <0.001a |
| Epicanthal Folds (%) | - | 48.7 | 55.6 | 61.8 | x2 = 2.41 | NS (0.299)a |
| Flat Nasal Bridge (%) | - | 26.9 | 66.7 | 49.1 | x2 = 16.69 | <0.001a |
| Anteverted Nostrils (%) | - | 11.7 | 44.4 | 20.0 | x2 = 13.08 | 0.001a |
| Smooth Philtrum (%) | - | 60.7 | 83.3 | 87.3 | x2 = 15.06 | 0.001a |
| Narrow Vermillion Border (%) | - | 40.7 | 83.3 | 85.5 | x2 = 38.51 | 0.001a |
| Prognathism (%) | - | 2.1 | 0.0 | 10.9 | x2 = 8.72 | NS (0.013)a |
| Heart Murmur (%) | - | 3.4 | 22.2 | 10.9 | x2 = 10.67 | 0.005a |
| Heart Malformations (%) | - | 0.0 | 5.6 | 1.8 | x2 = 6.09 | 0.048a |
| Hypoplastic Nails (%) | - | 1.4 | 0.0 | 10.9 | x2 = 10.99 | 0.004a |
| Limited Elbow Supination (%) | - | 0.7 | 11.1 | 3.6 | x2 = 8.35 | 0.015a |
| Clinodactyly (%) | - | 43.8 | 61.1 | 50.9 | x2 = 2.79 | NS (0.248)a |
| Camptodactyly (%) | - | 8.3 | 27.8 | 36.4 | x2 = 23.95 | 0.001a |
| Palmar Crease Alteration (%) | - | 26.2 | 38.9 | 43.6 | x2 = 6.07 | 0.048a |
| Hypertrichosis (%) | - | 0.0 | 5.6 | 0.0 | x2 = 11.16 | 0.004a |
| Dysmorphology Score | ||||||
| Mean (SD) | - | 8.1 (4.19) | 17.8(3.92)3 | 18.4 (3.30)3 | F = 160.36 | <0.001b |
| Children in Foster Care or Adoptive Placement (%) | - | 5.3 | 33.3 | 20.4 | x2 = 17.23 | <0.001a |
NS = not statistically significant.
X2 test of data comparing children with FAS, Partial FAS, and controls.
ANOVA of data comparing children with FAS, Partial FAS, and controls.
Measurements at time of Tier I screen; therefore they are directly comparable to all other groups.
t-tests were used to compare the control group (n = 139) to the remainder of the total sample (n = 679) and in none of the comparisons was the control group significantly different from the overall child population. Comparison variables were: sex, age, height, weight, average BMI for age, BMI, BMI percentile, or head circumference.
t-test significantly different from controls; p <.05.
t-test significantly different from controls; p <.01.
t-test significantly different from controls; p <.001.
t-test significantly different: PFAS vs. FAS; p <.05.
t-test significantly different: PFAS vs. FAS; p <.01.
t-test significantly different: PFAS vs. FAS; p <.001.