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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Clin Biomech (Bristol). 2007 Jan 8;22(3):266–274. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.11.011

Figure 7.

Figure 7

The CNS can compensate for a reduction in intervertebral stiffness by increasing trunk muscle co-activation. The passive stiffness of the intervertebral joint is represented by the torsional spring at the base of the inverted pendulum.