TABLE 13.

Genotypic methods used to detect macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori

23S rRNA-based method type	Method (reference[s])
With gene amplification	Sequencing, pyrosequencing (221, 556)
	RFLP
	Oligonucleotide ligation assay (509)
	DNA enzyme immunoassay (339, 451)
	LiPA (INNO-LiPA) (549)
	Preferential homoduplex formation assay (329)
	3′-Mismatched PCR (5)
	3′-Mismatched reverse PCR (122)
	Real-time PCR
	Microelectronic chip array (586)
	Electrocatalytic detection (291)
Without gene amplification	FISH (529)