Activation of Th1 and Th2 transcription factors in gastric mucosa in H. pylori-infected patients (n = 10; median inflammation score, 2.5 ± 0.26) and in uninfected patients with NSAIDS-related gastritis (n = 6; median inflammation score, 1.5 ± 0.22) (w gastritis) and without gastritis (n = 4; inflammation score, 0) (w/o gastritis). Western blot analyses of phosphorylated STAT4 and STAT4 (A), T-bet and β-actin (B), and pSTAT6 and STAT6 (C) were performed by using total proteins extracted from gastric biopsies from 20 patients. In each panel a polyacrylamide gel shows the results of one representative experiment for 10 (lane 1), 6 (lane 2), and 4 (lane 3) patients. The results are expressed in arbitrary units (a.u.). Statistical significance was assessed by ANOVA and Tukey's multiple-comparison tests. NS, not significant.