Figure 1.

Apoptosis induced by TMX in human cholangiocarcinoma cells. A: TUNEL staining: human cholangiocarcinoma cells cultured for 2 days in the absence or presence of TMX at different concentrations (5, 10, and 20 μmol/L). Cells were stained with terminal DNA polymerase (TUNEL) as described in Materials and Methods. Dark blue cells indicate apoptotic cells. B: DNA fragmentation: cells were treated with the concentrations of TMX as indicated for 48 hours. Genomic DNA was isolated from 10 5 cells as described in the methods followed by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis and ethidium bromide staining.