Figure 2.

Convergences in larval and adult ecomorphs between and within Madagascan and Asian ranids. All Asian species are from the Indian subcontinent, except one (Limnonectes kuhlii, indicated by an asterisk) coming from Vietnam. Adult burrowing frogs (red boxes), beside having a toad-like general morphology and short hind limbs, exhibit a suite of characters [such as feet with a crescentic inner metatarsal tubercle (red arrows) and partly connected lateral metatarsals] that are adaptations to the fossorial zone. Their tadpoles have a general body shape and mouth parts [such as rows of keratinized teeth (black arrows)] which are of the typical ancestral aquatic type. Arboreal frogs (green boxes) exhibit similar adult ecomorphs in Madagascan and Indian Rhacophorinae. Some Asian tree frogs exhibit a development on land with complete metamorphosis in the egg, showing a remarkable convergence with some Madagascan arboreal species (Mantidactylus). Some rock-dwelling frogs (yellow boxes) have semiterrestrial larvae with stout hind-limbs, a strongly developed tail with much reduced fin membranes, and with the ventral side of the body and the spiracle tube (as well as, sometimes, the anal tube) flattened. Certain torrential frogs (blue boxes) have larvae that lack horny teeth and exhibit, around the mouth, enlarged lobes that are richly provided with papillae. Fanged frogs (dashed green boxes) have protruding fangs in the lower jaw. Although poisonous frogs do not occur in Asia, some poisonous mantellas (black dashed box) exhibit aposematic colors and are remarkably convergent with the neotropical poison arrow frogs, Dendrobatidae.