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. 2007 Feb 21;115(5):787–791. doi: 10.1289/ehp.9647

Table 2.

Days worked during the first 2 months of pregnancy in violation of an REI and pesticides for which an REI was in effect.

Specific gestational days worked in violation of an REI to the given pesticideb
Mother Estimated period of organogenesis for specific birth defect (days after fertilization)a Total days worked in specified period of organogenesisb Pesticides mother was potentially exposed to during maximal sensitivity period Specific probable daysc Specific possible daysd Some teratogenic findings from testing of pesticide in animalse
Case 1 24–36 2–6 Mancozeb Days 19, 32, 37, 39, 41 Limb reduction defects, cleft palate, and brachygnathia
Copper hydroxide Days 19, 32, 37, 39, 41 No data found
Bacillus thuringiensis Days 19, 32, 37, 41 No data found
Spinosad Days 31, 39 No teratogenicity identified
Azadirachtin Day 41 No data found
Bacillus subtilis Day 41 No data found
Case 2 14–57 21–27 Mancozeb Days 7, 10 Limb reduction defects, cleft palate and brachygnathia
Methamidophos Days 10, 28 Days 7, 26, 27, 38, 39, 40 Anotia, anencephaly, paddle-shaped limbs, microphthalmia
Abamectin Day 7 Cleft palate
Methylpyrrolidonef Day 7 Cleft palate
Copper hydroxide Days 7, 10, 45 No data found
Fenpropathrin Days 7, 10, 26, 27, 28, 38, 39 No teratogenicity identified
Chlorothalonil Days 10, 26, 27, 28, 38, 39 No teratogenicity identified
Esfenvalerate Day 7 No teratogenicity identified
Methomyl Day 45 No teratogenicity identified
Case 3 14–59 5–11 Methamidophos Days 22, 30, 33, 34 Days 23, 25, 26, 31 Anotia, anencephaly, paddle-shaped limbs, microphthalmia
Abamectin Days 24, 29 Cleft palate
Methylpyrrolidonef Days 24, 29 Cleft palate
Fenpropathrin Days 30, 33 Days 22, 24 No teratogenicity identified
Hydrogen dioxide Day 23 No data found
Chlorothalonil Day 24 No teratogenicity identified
b

Because of the imprecision of the conception date, there is also imprecision in the calendar days that correspond to the maximal sensitivity period. As the window of maximal sensitivity shifts, the number of qualifying days may change. The numbers provided reflect the range of qualifying days.

c

Probable days are those days when the worker was scheduled to work in a field that had an REI that was in effect the entire day.

d

Possible days consist of days when the mother worked in a field that had an REI that was in effect for only a portion of the day. On possible days, it is conceivable that the mother did not work in the field when the REI was in effect. This would be the case if she worked only before the application occurred, or only after the REI had expired. Detailed information on the hours worked in specific fields was not available.

e

As summarized in FLDACS (2005). “No data found” = no studies that explored the teratogenicity of the compound were identified by FLDACS. “No teratogenicity identified” = when teratogenicity studies were conducted and all were found to be negative.

f

This chemical is included in the same pesticide product as abamectin but is not an active ingredient (i.e., it is considered an inert ingredient).