Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics for Baseline and 4-Month Psychosocial Variables
| Baseline | 4 months | ||||||
| N | M ± SD | M ± SD | t | 95% CI | ES | ||
| Exercise | |||||||
| TTM/SCT | |||||||
| Cognitive processes of change | 125 | 48.07 ± 9.15 | 52.85 ± 8.77 | 7.49 | *** | [6.04–3.51] | .53 |
| Behavioral processes of change | 125 | 43.51 ± 10.22 | 51.94 ± 9.61 | 9.45 | *** | [10.19–6.66] | .85 |
| Self-efficacy (ESE) | 126 | 38.38 ± 4.85 | 37.98 ± 5.59 | -.91 | [0.46–(-1.23)] | -.08 | |
| Perceived barriers (EPB) | 126 | 29.40 ± 6.22 | 27.04 ± 6.23 | -5.26 | *** | [(-1.47)-(-3.24)] | -.38 |
| Social support (ESS) | 127 | 29.22 ± 6.82 | 32.79 ± 7.97 | 5.39 | *** | [4.88–2.26] | .48 |
| TPB | |||||||
| Intentions | 126 | 12.22 ± 2.04 | 12.79 ± 1.31 | 3.04 | ** | [0.93–0.20] | .33 |
| Attitude | 126 | 42.01 ± 4.28 | 42.81 ± 3.77 | 2.31 | * | [1.49–0.12] | .19 |
| Subjective norms | 126 | 18.81 ± 2.73 | 18.54 ± 2.66 | -1.04 | [0.22-(-0.77)] | -.09 | |
| Perceived behavioral control | 126 | 25.55 ± 4.56 | 26.71 ± 4.58 | 2.80 | ** | [1.97–0.34] | .25 |
| SDT | |||||||
| Interest/Enjoyment (IMI) | 125 | 14.79 ± 3.25 | 15.70 ± 2.68 | 4.06 | *** | [1.35–0.47] | .31 |
| Perceived competence (IMI) | 125 | 12.53 ± 2.76 | 13.81 ± 2.53 | 7.60 | *** | [1.62–0.95] | .49 |
| Importance/Effort (IMI) | 125 | 13.42 ± 2.85 | 14.93 ± 2.60 | 6.83 | *** | [1.95–1.07] | .55 |
| Pressure/Tension (IMI) | 125 | 15.12 ± 2.63 | 15.72 ± 2.55 | 3.12 | ** | [0.98–0.22] | .23 |
| Exercise motivation (IMI) | 125 | 55.65 ± 9.21 | 60.07 ± 8.33 | 7.41 | *** | [5.60–3.24] | .50 |
| Weight Management | |||||||
| TTM/SCT | |||||||
| Cognitive processes of change | 124 | 54.81 ± 12.99 | 57.91 ± 12.50 | 3.59 | *** | [4.83–1.39] | .24 |
| Behavioral processes of change | 124 | 50.21 ± 9.46 | 56.87 ± 10.48 | 8.39 | *** | [8.22–5.08] | .67 |
| Self-efficacy (WEL) | 125 | 117.94 ± 31.57 | 133.61 ± 27.09 | 6.28 | *** | [20.61–10.73] | .53 |
| Outcome expectancy (dream weight) | 124 | 60.02 ± 6.31 | 60.35 ± 5.95 | -2.13 | [0.02-(-0.65)] | .05 | |
| TPB | |||||||
| Intentions | 126 | 25.84 ± 2.69 | 25.78 ± 2.94 | -.23 | [0.49-(-0.61)] | -.02 | |
| Attitude | 126 | 29.78 ± 4.83 | 30.83 ± 4.24 | 2.47 | ** | [1.88–0.21] | .23 |
| Subjective norms | 126 | 25.04 ± 3.80 | 24.89 ± 3.45 | -.44 | [0.50-(-0.79)] | -.04 | |
| Perceived behavioral control | 126 | 27.54 ± 4.26 | 28.51 ± 3.61 | 2.62 | ** | [1.70–0.24] | .25 |
TTM/SCT – Transtheoretical Model and Social Cognitive Theory (as they share the self-efficacy construct they are presented together); TPB – Theory of Planned Behavior; SDT – Self Determination Theory; ESE – Exercise Self-Efficacy; EPB – Exercise Perceived Barriers; ESS – Exercise Social Support; IMI – Intrinsic Motivation Inventory; WEL – Weight Efficacy Lifestyle Questionnaire.
* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; ES – Effect Size; 95% CI – 95% Confidence Interval for mean difference