Table 6.

Studies using blood components (platelets, neutrophils, fibrinogen/fibin or plasma) to characterize EC thrombogenicity

Cell type	Substrate material	Test system	Measurements	Result	Ref
Human umbilical vein	TCPS	Citrate PRP under flow conditions within cone and plate device.	platelet adhesion, release and fibrin deposition	Limited platelet adhesion observed on un-stimulated endothelial cells	175
Human umbilical vein	Type I collagen	Pre and post confluent EC incubated with platelet suspension for 40 mins.	platelet adhesion and morphology	Low platelet adhesion to EC but adhesion to collagen and pre-confluent EC surfaces	178
Bovine EC and fibroblasts	TCPS	Incubated with PRP	platelet adhesion and morphology	Low platelet adhesion on EC versus fibroblasts and no evidence of granule release.	183
Human umbilical vein	Glass coverslips	Pre and post confluent EC incubated with platelet suspension for 15 mins with shaking	Platelet adhesion and morphology	Platelet adhesion low on confluent EC and glass but high on pre-confluent EC. In pre-confluent EC platelets adhere to EC not exposed extracellular matrix	176
Sheep pulmonary artery	Gelatin coated polycarbonate	Incubation with washed platelet suspension for 60 mins	Platelet adhesion, morphology and serotonin release	Platelet adhesion and spreading on unactivated EC.	185
Bovine aortic	TCPS	Incubated with washed platelet suspension for 15 mins	Platelet adhesion and morphology	<3% platelet adhesion on EC similar to native aortic segment.	184
Human umbilical vein	Crosslinked albumin gels with and without heparin	Incubation with washed platelet suspension for 60 mins. (tests performed 4 h after seeding cells)	Platelet adhesion and morphology	Presence of EC reduced platelet adhesion on all places with least adhesion on albumin-heparin gels.	179
Human umbilical vein	CO₂ treated PS and albumin-heparin gels with and without Fn coating	Incubation with washed platelet suspension for 60 mins. (tests performed 4h after seeding cells)	Platelet adhesion and morphology	Platelet adhesion low on EC surfaces. Surfaces seeded at higher EC density have higher platelet adhesion. No platelet spreading	180
Human umbilical vein	Fn coated PE	Perfusion of platelets, RBC and fibrinogen perfused at shear of 300 s⁻¹ or 600 s⁻¹ for 5 min.	Platelet adhesion and morphology	Low platelet adhesion on confluent EC. Increased adhesion in pre-confluent cells which varies with shear rate.	182
Bovine aortic and bovine corneal	TCPS uncoated and coated in Fn, coll-I, coll-III, coll-IV, coll-V	Incubation with PRP for 30 mins with shaking	Platelet adhesion and morphology, serotonin release, thromboxane B2 release.	Low platelet adhesion and activation by EC monolayer. Exposed ECM caused platelet aggregation	188
Human umbilical vein	Themanox	Incubation with PRP for 15 min. to 60 min.	Platelet adhesion and serotonin release	Similar platelet adhesion was observed on un-activated EC and themanox, with number dependent on time.	190
Canine aortic	TCPS and Fn coated fluoropore substrate	Incubation with labeled fibrinogen for30 min.	Fibrin deposition	Fibrin deposition dependent on level of cell confluence.	191
Ovine pulmonary artery	TCPS	Incubation with neutrophil suspension	Neutrophil adhesion	Low neutrophil adhesion on unactivated EC	186
Human umbilical vein	Fn coated Knitted PET and TCPS	Incubation with neutrophil suspension for 1h	Neutrophil adhesion	Neutrophil adhesion higher on PET than TCPS but both could be increased with TNF activation of the EC	189
Human retinal	TCPS	Fibrin lysis assay	Clot dissolution time	Clot lysis occurred fasted in TGF-β treated cells	147
Human umbilical vein and ometum microvascular	Fn coated TCPS	Fibrin lysis assay	Clot dissolution time	HOTMEC lysed clot in 2–3h but HUVEC caused no lysis. HOTMEC produce 100 × more tPA than HUVEC when activated.	217
Human umbilical vein and bovine aortic	Thermanox	Incubation with platelet or leukocyte suspensions for 30 min.	Leukocyte and platelet adhesion	Low platelet adhesion to both EC types. Low leukocyte adhesion to HUVEC but higher levels on BAEC.	181
Human omentum microvascular and umbilical vein	TCPS	Recalcified plasma added to 96 well plate	Plasma recalcification time(turbidity measurement)	Plasma clotting initiated faster on EC than on plastic but the rate of clotting was slower. Clotting rate on cells increased when protein C deficient plasma was used.	154

Fn = fibronectin, coll = collagen, PRP = platelet rich plasma