Table 2.

The Locations and Effects of QTL Affecting Winter Injuries in Two Successive Years (1996 and 1997) for Bivalent Tetraploid Alfalfa

Linkage groupa	Marker interval	Year	LRb	Threshold	Additive effect	R2c	MarkerQTL Phase	p̂d
1B	vg2b9p1–vg2g1p1	1996	6.31	12.74				0.4
		1997	15.25	12.62	4.50	8.4	A3	0.1
5A	hg2b12p1–vg2a2p1	1996	10.01	10.25				0.6
		1997	16.68	16.58	−1.37	8.9	A1/A2	0.2
8A	ugac235p1–ugac291p1	1996	29.74	8.96	1.10	10.4	A2	0.6
		1997	15.45	12.72	0.77	10.2	A2	0.6
8B	ugac109p1–vg1b10p1	1996	20.20	21.15				0.6
		1997	34.33	26.64	1.63	12.8	A2	0.6

Significant QTL, as evidenced by larger log-likelihood ratios (LRs) than the thresholds calculated from 200 permutation tests, are indicated in boldface. 

^aLinkage groups refer to Brouwer and Osborn (1999). 

^bThe LR between the full model (there is a QTL) and the reduced model (there is no QTL). 

^cThe proportion of the total phenotypic variance explained by the QTL detected. 

^dThe preferential pairing factor (p) is estimated by a grid approach within its space. The estimates of p are also given for nonsignificant QTL.