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Heavy-metal tolerance in cad1-3 was restored completely or partially by ectopic or root-specific expression of TaPCS1. Four-week-old hydroponically grown cad1-3 mutant, Adh/cad1-3 (Adh::TaPCS1/cad1-3), 35S/cad1-3 (35S::TaPCS1/cad1-3), and WT plants were exposed to 20 μM CdCl2 for 3 days. Phenotypes were assessed for roots and rosette leaves (A) and stems (B and C). (B) Blue arrows show sites sensitive to Cd2+ stress in Adh::TaPCS1/cad1-3.
