Table 1. Modification of previous taxonomies (16, 17), including formal taxonomic designations and reference to geological and geographical ranges.

Family Hominidae Gray, 1825. Miocene to the present, worldwide.

Genus †Sahelanthropus Brunet et al., 2002, incertae sedis. Miocene, Central Africa.

Species †Sahelanthropus tchadensis Brunet et al., 2002. Miocene, Central Africa.

Subfamily Preanthropinae Cela-Conde and Altaba, 2002. Miocene—Pliocene, Africa.

Genus †Praeanthropus Senyürek 1955 (includes Orrorin Senut et al., 2001). Miocene—Pliocene, Africa.

Species †Praeanthropus tugenensis* Senut et al., 2001. Miocene, East Africa.

Species †Praeanthropus africanus Weinert, 1950 (= Australopithecus afarensis Johanson et al. 1978). Pliocene, East Africa.

Species †Praeanthropus bahrelghazali Brunet et al., 1996. Pliocene, Subsahara.

Species †Praeanthropus anamensis M. G. Leakey et al., 1995. Pliocene, East Africa.

Species †Praeanthropus garhi Asfaw et al., 1999. Pliocene, East Africa.

Genus †Ardipithecus White et al., 1995. Miocene—Pliocene, East Africa.

Species †Ardipithecus ramidus White et al., 1994. Miocene—Pliocene, East Africa.

Subfamily Australopithecinae Gregory and Hellman, 1939. Pliocene, Africa.

Genus †Australopithecus Dart 1925 (includes Plesianthropus Broom, 1938; Paranthropus Broom, 1938; Zinjanthropus L. S. B. Leakey, 1959; and Paraustralopithecus Arambourg and Coppens, 1967). Pliocene, Africa.

Species †Australopithecus africanus* Dart, 1925. Pliocene, Africa.

Species †Australopithecus aethiopicus Arambourg and Coppens, 1968. Pliocene, East Africa.

Species †Australopithecus boisei L. S. B. Leakey, 1959. Pliocene—Pleistocene, East Africa.

Species †Australopithecus robustus Broom, 1938. Pleistocene, southern Africa.

Subfamily Homininae Gray, 1825. Pliocene to the present, worldwide.

Genus Homo Linnaeus, 1758 (includes Pithecanthropus Dubois, 1894; Protanthropus Haeckel, 1895; Sinanthropus Black, 1927; Cyphanthropus Pycraft, 1928; Africanthropus Dreyer, 1935; Telanthropus Broom and Robinson, 1949; Atlanthropus Arambourg, 1954; Tchadanthropus Coppens, 1965; and Kenyanthropus M. G. Leakey et al., 2001). Pliocene to the present, worldwide.

Species †Homo platyops* M. G. Leakey et al., 2001. Pliocene, East Africa.

Species †Homo rudolfensis Alexeev, 1986. Pliocene, Africa.

Species †Homo habilis L. S. B. Leakey et al., 1964. Pliocene, Africa.

Species †Homo ergaster Groves and Mazák, 1975. Plio-Pleistocene, Africa and ? Eurasia.

Species †Homo erectus Dubois, 1892. Pleistocene, Africa and Eurasia.

Species †Homo antecessor Bermúdez de Castro et al., 1997. Plio-Pleistocene, Europe and ? Africa.

Species †Homo heidelbergensis Schoetensack, 1908. Pleistocene, Africa and Eurasia.

Species †Homo neanderthalensis King, 1864. Pleistocene, western Eurasia.

Species Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758. Pleistocene to the present, worldwide.

^†, Taxon is extinct; *, taxon considered species germinalis (17), i.e., a species originating a genus; ?, uncertainty about the taxon's presence in that region.