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Nippert concluded from model measurements that sharp bends will generate high energy losses caused by separation.27He showed a relation between R (=radius)/D (=width tube) and ΔEsep/ΔEfrfor turbulent flow in a 90° bend of a rectangular wooden tube. The loss by separation ΔEsep is at R/D = 2 equal to the friction loss ΔEfr ; so the total energy loss in the bend is twice as high as in a straight tube. At R/D = 1 the total energy loss is even five times higher (ΔEsep = appr. 4 ΔEfr).
