Table 1.
Analytic Sample Means or Percentages.
| Non- Veteran | Veteran | Veteran | Dual Use Criteria | ||||
| Non- Dual Use | Dual Use | By Hospitalization | By Physician Visits | By Both | |||
| Sociodemographic | |||||||
| Age | 79.2 | 74.8*** | 74.8 | 74.7 | 75.2 | 74.7 | 73.5 |
| Race | |||||||
| White (reference group) | 79.3 | 91.8*** | 92.0 | 91.0 | 94.0 | 87.9 | 90.5 |
| Hispanic | 8.8 | 1.8*** | 1.6 | 2.6 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 3.0 |
| African American | 10.6 | 5.7*** | 5.6 | 6.5 | 2.7 | 10.5 | 6.5 |
| Other Race | 1.3 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Living Alone | 22.1 | 19.4 | 18.9 | 22.0 | 24.0 | 16.1 | 32.1 |
| Socioeconomic | |||||||
| Education | |||||||
| Grade School | 39.0 | 15.8*** | 15.0 | 20.3 | 21.5 | 21.1 | 14.9 |
| High School (reference group) | 41.6 | 46.3 | 46.6 | 44.4 | 39.9 | 50.5 | 41.4 |
| Some College | 19.5 | 37.9*** | 38.4 | 35.3 | 38.6 | 28.4 | 43.7 |
| Income < $15,000 | 38.2 | 18.2*** | 17.0 | 25.3* | 26.8 | 23.1 | 26.5 |
| Wealth <= $19,000 | 21.4 | 10.6*** | 10.0 | 14.0 | 10.9 | 10.8 | 32.0* |
| Private Health Insurance | 75.0 | 87.0*** | 87.3 | 85.8 | 86.7 | 81.6 | 94.7 |
| Life Style | |||||||
| Smoker (ever) | 71.3 | 80.9*** | 79.8 | 87.3* | 91.4 | 78.0 | 100.0* |
| Weight | |||||||
| Normal or Under Weight | 47.2 | 40.8* | 41.3 | 38.5 | 46.3 | 35.4 | 23.5 |
| Over Weight | 43.5 | 46.7 | 46.9 | 45.7 | 42.4 | 42.5 | 64.1 |
| Obese | 9.3 | 12.5* | 11.9 | 15.8 | 11.3 | 22.1 | 12.4 |
| Drinking | |||||||
| Never drank (reference group) | 52.2 | 36.5*** | 34.9 | 45.4* | 49.4 | 36.8 | 56.9 |
| <1 drink/day | 35.4 | 41.2* | 41.7 | 38.2 | 35.0 | 42.6 | 36.0 |
| 1–2 drinks/day | 9.8 | 17.5*** | 18.5 | 11.9 | 9.8 | 17.7 | 2.4 |
| 3+ drinks/day | 2.7 | 4.9* | 5.0 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 4.7 |
| Never Having a Driver's License | 2.2 | 0.8* | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Disease History | |||||||
| Arthritis | 19.1 | 19.4 | 17.9 | 27.6* | 22.1 | 35.3 | 22.7 |
| Cancer | 12.4 | 15.2 | 14.0 | 21.6* | 25.6 | 22.5 | 7.4 |
| Diabetes | 10.5 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 18.6* | 11.7 | 22.9 | 27.4 |
| Stroke | 10.1 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 18.0*** | 13.4 | 19.0 | 29.3 |
| Hypertension | 37.5 | 44.4** | 42.3 | 55.9** | 49.3 | 55.9 | 75.5 |
| Lung Disease | 11.4 | 11.6 | 10.2 | 19.6** | 18.4 | 21.2 | 18.6 |
| Heart Condition | 32.7 | 32.4 | 29.1 | 51.1*** | 51.6 | 42.3 | 73.5 |
| Hip Fracture | 4.1 | 2.1* | 2.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.0 |
| Psychological Problems | 3.1 | 6.6** | 5.1 | 14.6*** | 16.0 | 10.8 | 20.8 |
| Functional Limitations | |||||||
| ADL Counts | 0.29 | 0.17*** | 0.13 | 0.40*** | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.22 |
| IADL Counts | 0.47 | 0.26*** | 0.23 | 0.43** | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.40 |
| Lower Body Limitations Count | 1.07 | 0.78*** | 0.68 | 1.50*** | 1.47 | 1.40 | 1.86 |
| Hearing – Poor or Fair | 38.8 | 26.5*** | 25.2 | 33.8* | 37.9 | 28.4 | 36.3 |
| Vision – Poor or Fair | 28.5 | 21.4** | 19.6 | 31.7** | 33.4 | 26.3 | 41.3 |
| Memory – Poor or Fair | 33.7 | 25.5*** | 25.2 | 26.9 | 24.6 | 31.0 | 22.4 |
| Self-Rated Health: | |||||||
| Excellent or Very Good | 31.2 | 38.9** | 42.4 | 19.5*** | 18.0 | 24.6 | 10.2 |
| Good (reference group) | 33.3 | 31.6 | 32.6 | 26.3 | 34.0 | 20.7 | 18.6 |
| Poor or Fair | 35.5 | 29.4* | 25.0 | 54.2*** | 48.0 | 54.7 | 71.2 |
| Ability to Drive | 81.1 | 91.5*** | 92.8 | 84.6** | 79.0 | 92.2 | 80.6 |
| Depressive Symptoms | |||||||
| None | 36.8 | 47.7*** | 49.5 | 37.8* | 37.4 | 41.2 | 30.2 |
| 1 or 2 (reference group) | 39.4 | 35.4 | 35.0 | 37.7 | 32.5 | 43.2 | 38.3 |
| 3 or more | 23.8 | 16.9*** | 15.5 | 24.5* | 30.1 | 15.6 | 31.4 |
| Cognitive Status | |||||||
| Low | 32.2 | 14.1*** | 13.5 | 17.3 | 22.1 | 14.9 | 9.9 |
| Average (reference group) | 30.2 | 35.1* | 36.3 | 28.4 | 22.0 | 27.5 | 49.6 |
| High | 37.5 | 50.9*** | 50.3 | 54.3 | 55.8 | 57.7 | 40.6 |
| Prior Health Services Use | |||||||
| N of Self-reported Hospitalizations | |||||||
| 0 (reference group) | 77.3 | 77.6 | 87.1 | 24.5*** | 0.0 | 60.4 | 0.0*** |
| 1 | 15.9 | 14.3 | 9.9 | 39.5*** | 49.3 | 29.3 | 37.7 |
| 2+ | 6.8 | 8.0 | 3.1 | 36.0*** | 50.7 | 10.2 | 62.3*** |
| N of Claim-based Physician Visits | 12.2 | 11.1* | 10.6 | 13.9** | 16.5 | 13.5 | 7.2* |
| Weighted N | 634 | 888 | 754 | 134 | 60 | 54 | 20 |
Note: Weighted analyses adjust for the unequal probabilities of selection due either to the multi-stage cluster sampling design and/or the over-sampling. Weighted N = 1,522 due to rounding.
*p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001