Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic parameters after a single dose of betaine in 12 healthy subjects.

Parameter	Mean± s.d.	Range
Cmax (data) (mmo l−1)	0.939 ± 0.194	0.663–1.300
Cmax (model) (mmol l−1)	0.906 ± 0.191	0.652–1.320
tmax (data) (h)	0.90 ± 0.33	0.50–1.50
tmax (model) (h)	0.92 ± 0.29	0.52–1.38
AUC(0, 24 h) (mmol l−1 h)	3.974 ± 0.731	2.747–5.240
AUC(0, ∞) (mmol l−1 h)	5.518 ± 1.919	3.730–11.000
tlag (h)	0.43 ± 0.19	0.21–0.72
t1/2,abs (h)	0.28 ± 0.17	0.09–0.61
t1/2,λ1 (h)	0.59 ± 0.22	0.35–1.01
t1/2,z (h)	14.38 ± 7.17	6.04–31.64
MRT (h)	17.50 ± 9.26	7.19–40.90
CL/F* (l h−1 kg−1)	0.084 ± 0.021	0.039–0.115
VSS/F* (l kg−1)	1.324 ± 0.382	0.728–1.896

C_max, maximum plasma concentrations; t_max, times of C_max; AUC, areas under the plasma concentration/time curve; t_lag, lag time; t_1/2,abs, half-life of absorption; t_{1/2, λ1}, half-life of distribution; t_1/2,z, half-life of elimination; MRT, Mean residence time; CL/F, total oral plasma drug clearance; V_SS/F, volume of distribution at steady-state after oral application.

^*Assuming 100% bioavailability.