Table 2.

Pharmacokinetic parameters after multiple dosing of betaine in 12 healthy subjects (values were evaluated for the time 0–96 h after the final dose (period C).

Parameter	Mean ± s.d.	Range	95% CI Δ	P
Cmax (data) (mmol l−1)	1.456 ± 0.308	1.050–2.178	0.369–0.665	<0.01
tmax (data) (h)	0.90 ± 0.25	0.34–1.00	−0.19–0.18	0.97
AUC(0,24 h) (mmol l−1 h)	12.528 ± 4.496	8.134–24.118	6.244–10.862	<0.01
AUC(0,96 h) (mmol l−1 h)	26.298 ± 15.664	14.918–71.403
tlag (h)	0.36 ± 0.10	0.21–0.48	−0.20–0.05	0.27
t1/2,abs (h)	0.68 ± 0.25	0.32–1.06	−0.07–0.21	0.35
t1/2, λ1 (h)	1.77 ± 0.75	0.60–2.68	0.73–1.64	<0.01
t1/2,z (h)	41.17 ± 13.50	27.81–74.32	19.89–33.70	<0.01
Accumulation ratio (theoretetical)	2.29 ± 0.84	1.34–4.33
Accumulation ratio (experimental)	3.14 ± 0.80	2.22–4.60

C_max, maximum plasma concentrations; t_max, times of C_max; AUC, areas under the plasma concentration/time curve; t_lag, lag time; t_1/2abs, half-life of absorption; t_1/2,λ1, half-life of distribution; t_1/2,z, half-life of elimination. 95% confidence intervals and P values are given for differences between results of period A and period C.