Table 3.

Results of quantitative sensory testing and suprathreshold pain intensities of the opioid vs. non-opioid groups (mean ± SEM)

Pain threshold/intensity	Opioids	Non-opioids	Statistical analysis difference (95% CI)	P
Punctate (g)	191.7 ± 7.9	174.7 ± 10.5	17.0 (−8.8, 42.8)	0.19
Pressure (mmHg)	369.2 ± 9.2	367.0 ± 11.8	2.2 (−28.7, 33.2)	0.89
Heat (°C)	45.4 ± 0.3	45.7 ± 0.7	−0.3 (−1.5, 0.9)	0.70
Pain intensity (NPS) at 46.5°C
15 s	5.9 ± 0.2	5.7 ± 0.2	20.2 (−0.4, 0.9)	0.45
30 s	6.1 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.	0.5 (−0.2, 1.1)	0.12
45 s	6.1 ± 0.2	5.7 ± 0.3	0.4 (−0.2, 1.1)	0.19
60 s	5.9 ± 0.2	5.6 ± 0.3	0.3 (−0.3, 1.0)	0.31

NPS 0–10 numerical pain scale.