Table 2.

Baseline comparisons between T2DM and HV groups. The results of the baseline comparisons (anova; ln transformed data) between the T2DM and HV groups for glycaemic control, lipid profile, inflammation and haemodynamic parameters

	Back transformed least square means
Parameter	Diabetic (n = 18)	Healthy (n = 16)	Estimate of difference diabetic–healthy in % (95% CI)	P-value
Glucose (mmol l−1)	10.871	4.596	136.5 (97.0, 184.0)	<0.0001
C-peptide (nmol l−1)	1.014	0.635	59.6 (23.5, 106.2)	0.0008
Insulin (mU l−1)	11.367	8.936	27.2 (− 3.8, 68.3)	0.0891
Fructosamine (mmol l−1)	280.58	193.84	44.7 (29.7, 61.6)	<0.0001
HbA1c percentage (%)	6.977	4.652	50.0 (35.3, 66.3)	<0.0001
AUE insulin (mU l−1) after OGTT	22.646	45.165	−49.9 (− 64.9, −28.3)	0.0004
Peak insulin (mU l−1) after OGTT	42.293	86.917	−51.3 (− 68.0, −26.1)	0.0014
AUE glucose (nmol l−1) after OGTT	15.566	7.064	120.4 (88.8, 157.2)	<0.0001
Peak glucose (nmol l−1) after OGTT	21.377	8.696	145.8 (107.2, 191.7)	<0.0001
Cholesterol (mmol l−1)	5.361	3.971	35.0 (22.1, 49.3)	<0.0001
Triglycerides (mmol l−1)	2.197	1.095	100.7 (42.4, 182.9)	0.0002
HDL-cholesterol (mmol l−1)	1.110	1.306	−15.0 (− 28.2, 0.5)	0.0565
LDL-cholesterol	2.841	1.973	44.0 (6.4, 95.0)	0.0200
Free fatty acids (mmol l−1)	0.345	0.327	5.3 (− 17.9, 35.0)	0.6748
White blood cell count (109 l−1)	5.245	5.158	1.7 (− 11.8, 17.3)	0.8115
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (mg l−1)	1.625	0.572	184.2 (28.2, 529.8)	0.0117
IL-1β level (pg ml−1)	0.088	0.055	59.7 (− 14.4, 197.9)	0.1358
IL-6 level (pg ml−1)	2.354	1.203	95.7 (32.8, 188.4)	0.0013
Tumour necrosis factor-α (pg ml−1)	1.897	2.202	−13.9 (− 47.5, 41.3)	0.5436
Heart rate (bpm)	68.833	68.750	0.1 (− 7.9, 8.1)	0.9832
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	127.39	117.00	10.4 (0.3, 20.5)	0.0446
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg	76.889	69.500	7.4 (2.1, 12.7)	0.0077

AUE, area under the curve; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.