Table 1.

Cumulative sleep loss and recovery during sleep restriction and recovery days

Sleep time	Sleep loss/gain, ZT4–24	Sleep loss/gain, ZT0–4	Net sleep loss/gain
Total
SD1–SD5	−35.8 ± 2.4	+0.8 ± 0.4	−35.0 ± 2.5
R1–R3	+2.3 ± 0.4	+0.2 ± 0.3	+2.6 ± 0.5
SD1–R3	−33.4 ± 2.6	+1.0 ± 0.7	−32.4 ± 2.6
NREM
SD1–SD5	−28.3 ± 2.2	−0.4 ± 0.3	−28.7 ± 2.3
R1–R3	+1.3 ± 0.4	+0.4 ± 0.3	+1.7 ± 0.5
SD1–R3	−27.0 ± 2.4	+0.0 ± 0.5	−27.0 ± 2.5
REM
SD1–SD5	−7.5 ± 0.5	+1.2 ± 0.2	−6.3 ± 0.3
R1–R3	+1.1 ± 0.2	−0.2 ± 0.1	+0.9 ± 0.2
SD1–R3	−6.5 ± 0.6	+1.0 ± 0.3	−5.4 ± 0.4

The amount (hours ± SEM) of sleep loss (−) and sleep gain (+) was determined for 20-h (ZT4–24), 4-h (ZT0–4), and 24-h (net sleep loss/gain) time blocks over the 5 days of sleep restriction (SD1–SD5), the 3 days of full recovery (R1–R3), and the total 8-day protocol (SD1–R3). Sleep loss during the 20-h wheel deprivation was calculated based on the average amount of sleep during the corresponding 20-h BL period minus any sleep that occurred in the wheel. Sleep gain was calculated as the amount of sleep during the 20- or 4-h time block that reached above the corresponding BL level.