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. 2007;9(Suppl 2):S13–S18.

Table 1.

Treatment Options for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer

  • Observation

  • Maximum androgen blockade

  • Withdrawal of antiandrogen

  • Varying specific antiandrogens (eg, bicalutamide, flutamide, nilutamide)

  • Estrogen compounds (diethylstilbestrol)

  • Adrenal suppressants (ketoconazole)

  • Clinical trials/investigational therapies

  • Specific therapies for symptomatic disease (eg, bisphosphonates, external beam radiation, bone-targeted radiopharmaceuticals)

  • Chemotherapy (docetaxel)

  • Pain management