(KO) mice had an impaired exercise capacity (A), an exaggerated left ventricular (LV) wall thickness (B), and chamber dilatation (C) detected by echocardiography. IVST, interventricular septal thickness; PWT, left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVDd, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension. On autopsy, KO hearts were larger (D) and heavier (E) following TAC. LV, left ventricular mass; BW, body weight. In B, C and E, †P < 0.05 TAC versus pre; in A, B, C and E, *P < 0.05 KO TAC versus WT TAC.