Fig. 3.

Size displacements and growth speeds of the ice VI crystal at the constant strain rates of 0.89, 1.64, 3.28, and 4.92 s⁻¹ (a and b) and at the sinusoidal varying compression rate of 136.13 s⁻¹ in average (c and d). The data were obtained by measuring the major and minor lengths across the diamond-shaped crystal in Fig. 2a or the tip and face of dendritic crystal in Fig. 2b. Note that there is a sudden jump in the crystal growth rate or shock crystal growth (see text) to the maximum growth speed of ≈0.17 m/s in d, for example. The solid lines in c and d serve to guide the eye. This growth speed should be considered as a lower bound, because the surface advanced across the entire sample chamber within one framing period of the camera (333 μs), the shortest time scale of our measurements.