Table 4.
Univariate analysis of risk factors for intrahospital death among 1632 children* with suspected systemic infection
| Risk factor | CFR % (n) | OR | 95% CI | P |
| Overall | 17.0 (277/1632) | |||
| Male sex | 15.5 (143/920) | 0.79 | 0.61 to 1.03 | 0.084 |
| Neonate (< 1 m) | 14.8 (70/473) | 0.80 | 0.59 to 1.07 | 0.146 |
| Underlying conditions | ||||
| Malnutrition | 29.3 (71/242) | 2.37 | 1.73 to 3.25 | < 0.001 |
| HIV infection (laboratory confirmed) | 31.7 (46/145) | 2.40 | 1.60 to 3.59 | < 0.001 |
| Other infectious underlying conditions | 30.6 (33/108) | 2.29 | 1.48 to 3.52 | < 0.001 |
| - Tuberculosis | 30.5 (29/95) | 2.26 | 1.43 to 3.58 | 0.001 |
| - Hepatitis | 44.4 (4/9) | 3.92 | 1.04 to 14.67 | 0.052 |
| - Congenital syphilis | 50.0 (1/2) | 4.85 | 0.30 to 77.79 | 0.313 |
| Other non-infectious underlying conditions | 17.1 (20/117) | 1.00 | 0.60 to 1.64 | 1.000 |
| - Sickle cell disease | 3.0 (1/33) | 0.15 | 0.02 to 1.09 | 0.032 |
| - Neoplasia | 60.0 (3/5) | 7.32 | 1.22 to 44.05 | 0.038 |
| - Congenital heart disease | 27.3 (9/33) | 1.77 | 0.82 to 3.83 | 0.156 |
| Malaria (laboratory confirmed) | 20.2 (67/331) | 1.29 | 0.95 to 1.76 | 0.102 |
| Growth in blood culture of: | ||||
| Any pathogen | 34.9 (80/229) | 3.29 | 2.41 to 4.48 | < 0.001 |
| Any GNR | 43.5 (64/147) | 4.60 | 3.22 to 6.60 | < 0.001 |
| Any Enterobacteriaceae | 45.6 (52/114) | 4.82 | 3.25 to 7.15 | < 0.001 |
| - E. coli | 50.0 (15/30) | 5.11 | 2.47 to 10.59 | < 0.001 |
| - Klebsiella spp. | 48.9 (22/45) | 5.00 | 2.74 to 9.10 | < 0.001 |
| - All non-typhoid Salmonellae | 36.4 (12/33) | 2.88 | 1.40 to 5.92 | 0.007 |
| - Salmonella Enteritidis | 21.1 (4/19) | 1.31 | 0.43 to 3.97 | 0.548 |
| - Salmonella Typhimurium | 53.9 (7/13) | 5.83 | 1.94 to 17.48 | 0.003 |
| - Enterobacter spp. | 71.4 (5/7) | 12.43 | 2.40 to 64.43 | 0.002 |
| Any non-Enterobacteriaceae GNR | 40.6 (13/32) | 3.46 | 1.69 to 7.10 | 0.001 |
| - Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 66.7 (8/12) | 10.04 | 3.00 to 33.59 | < 0.001 |
| - Acinetobacter spp. | 9.1 (1/11) | 0.49 | 0.06 to 3.82 | 0.702 |
| Gram-positive pathogen† | 16.7 (11/66) | 0.98 | 0.50 to 1.89 | 1.000 |
| - Enterococci | 19.4 (7/36) | 1.19 | 0.51 to 2.73 | 0.655 |
| - E. faecium | 6.7 (1/15) | 0.35 | 0.05 to 2.65 | 0.490 |
| - E. faecalis | 28.6 (4/14) | 1.97 | 0.61 to 6.33 | 0.275 |
| - S. aureus | 7.1 (2/28) | 0.37 | 0.09 to 1.58 | 0.208 |
| Candida | 33.3 (8/24) | 2.49 | 1.05 to 5.87 | 0.049 |
| Polymicrobial infection | 41.4 (12/29) | 3.56 | 1.68 to 7.55 | 0.002 |
| Inappropriate antimicrobial therapy due to: | ||||
| - ESBL-producing, multiresistant isolates | 71.4 (15/21) | 12.87 | 4.95 to 33.48 | < 0.001 |
| - Other bacterial resistance (non-ESBL) | 37.8 (17/45) | 3.14 | 1.69 to 5.83 | 0.001 |
| - Any bacterial resistance (ESBL + other) | 47.7 (31/65) | 5.01 | 3.02 to 8.31 | < 0.001 |
| - Any antimicrobial resistance (including fungi) | 43.8 (39/89) | 4.39 | 2.82 to 6.83 | < 0.001 |
| Hospital-acquired infection | 35.5 (44/124) | 3.01 | 2.03 to 4.46 | < 0.001 |
| Readmission stay | 15.2 (14/92) | 0.87 | 0.49 to 1.56 | 0.775 |
CFR, case-fatality rate; OR, odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval; P, p-value calculated with two-sided Fisher's exact test; GNR, Gram-negative rod; ESBL, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. *The outcome was known for 1632 among a total of 1828 admissions. † Anaerobes, coagulase-negative staphylococci and bacterial isolates of uncertain pathogenicity were not included. ‡ Blood culture obtained > 2 days after admission.