. 2007 Apr 26;84(Suppl 1):42–53. doi: 10.1007/s11524-007-9168-4

TABLE 2.

Sample variables for the measurement of social determinants of health at the individual, local, and country level

Indicator	Individual level	Sample variables
Indicator	Individual level	Local or country level
Place of residence	Geocoded location of residence; neighborhood of residence; urban, peri-urban, slum, suburban or rural dwelling; perceptions of neighborhoods; home ownership; citizenship or immigration status	Percent urban, peri-urban, slum, suburban or rural dwellers; percent home owners; percent citizens; percent immigrants; percent undocumented immigrants
Gender	Gender; sex; perceived and/or experienced gender and/or sex discrimination; intimate partner violence	Percent women; percent men; percent transgendered or other gendered; rate of femicide or homicide; rate of intimate partner violence; women in national government
Race/Ethnicity	Race, ethnicity, perceived and/or experienced race and/or ethnicity discrimination, foreign born status	Percent in specific race/ethnicity group, percent foreign born, dissimilarity index (the relative separation or integration of groups),⁶² isolation index (probability that a member of one group will meet another member of the same group)⁶³
Education	Highest educational attainment, completion of specific educational milestones, literacy	Percent completing specific educational milestones, literacy rate
Socioeconomic status	Income, education, occupation, parent’s education, parent’s occupation	Gross domestic product (gdp), gross national product (gnp), percent below the poverty level, percent living on < $1usd per day, median income, gini coefficient