Driving forces |
Population size and structure (age, sex) |
Demographic transition |
Birth rate, fertility |
Fertility level |
Life expectancy |
Aging |
Poverty prevalence |
Economic development |
Social barriers to equality |
Economic inequalities |
Income distribution |
Gender, ethnic, and social discrimination |
Economic level and growth (GDP in straight dollars or PPP$) |
Globalization |
Types of economic activity and trade |
Urban/rural development |
Health and environment policies and legislation |
Urban planning and design |
Pressures |
Technology use |
Knowledge development |
Energy use |
Sustainability |
Agricultural land use and production |
Resource conservation |
Water use, water access |
Emergence of deprived urban areas |
Availability of sanitation |
Infrastructure development |
Solid waste volumes |
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Hazardous waste volumes |
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Transport trends |
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Existence of breeding grounds of disease vectors |
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State of the environment |
Climate, trends |
Geographic constraints |
Air quality |
Natural conditions |
River water quality |
Microenvironmental variations |
Ground water contamination |
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Drinking water quality |
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Food contamination |
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Housing quality |
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Exposures (it is the differential exposure and vulnerability at the exposure level where we see direct relationships with inequalities in health effects) |
Specific exposure studies (air, lead, water, and climate) |
Risk transition |
Studies of specific disease vectors (e.g., mosquitoes) |
Exposure hot spots |
Workplace environment surveys |
Total human exposure |
Effects |
General health situation, mortality trends |
Epidemiologic transition |
Specific environmental effects |
Health inequalities |
Environmental burden of disease |
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Occupational injuries and diseases |
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Traffic crash injuries |
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Actions |
Policies and programs for prevention at each DPSEEA level |
Development of new policies to meet the health challenges of the future |