Table 2.
Associations of switching wells with sociodemographics and As-related variables.
| Participants with a safe well at baselinea |
Participants with an unsafe well at baselinea |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Switched to any well
|
Switched to a safe well
|
|||||
| Baseline characteristic | Yes (%of total)b | Totalb | RR for switching (95% CI) | Yes (%of total)b | Totalb | RR for switching to a safe well (95% CI) |
| Education (years) | ||||||
| 0 | 16.3 | 2,241 | 1.00 | 23.4 | 2,777 | 1.00 |
| 1–4 | 18.6 | 1,485 | 1.17 (0.98–1.37) | 25.1 | 1,867 | 1.14 (1.01–1.28) |
| 5–9 | 15.1 | 768 | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 28.2 | 916 | 1.36 (1.17–1.58) |
| ≥10 | 13.7 | 554 | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 30.1 | 672 | 1.61 (1.36–1.92) |
| Land owned (acres) | ||||||
| 0 | 17.8 | 2,505 | 1.00 | 25.3 | 3,216 | 1.00 |
| ≤ 1 | 16.2 | 1,616 | 0.92 (0.78–1.07) | 25.9 | 1,920 | 0.93 (0.83–1.04) |
| > 1 | 14.0 | 813 | 0.83 (0.67–1.04) | 24.8 | 977 | 0.83 (0.71–1.01) |
| Amount unknown | 9.7 | 114 | 0.53 (0.29–0.97) | 21.9 | 119 | 0.75 (0.51–1.11) |
| Baseline skin lesion status | ||||||
| No | 16.2 | 4,828 | 1.00 | 25.0 | 5,656 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 22.7 | 220 | 1.56 (1.16–2.10) | 28.5 | 576 | 1.15 (0.99–1.38) |
| Health education and well labeling | ||||||
| No | 17.1 | 756 | 1.00 | 16.8 | 1,338 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 16.4 | 4,292 | 0.80 (0.66–0.98) | 27.7 | 4,894 | 1.84 (1.60–2.11) |
| Baseline well As (μg/L) | ||||||
| < 10 | 16.1 | 2,631 | 1.00 | |||
| 10–24 | 17.5 | 1,006 | 1.07 (0.90–1.28) | |||
| 25–49 | 16.6 | 1,411 | 0.97 (0.82–1.14) | |||
| 50–99 | 23.0 | 1,988 | 1.00 | |||
| 100–299 | 25.6 | 3,433 | 1.38 (1.23–1.55) | |||
| 300–499 | 29.3 | 724 | 1.62 (1.37–1.90) | |||
| ≥500 | 34.5 | 87 | 1.85 (1.26–2.72) | |||
| Distance to nearest safe well (m) | ||||||
| ≥100 | 0.0 | 10 | 1.00 | 11.3 | 648 | 1.00 |
| 50–99 | 13.2 | 211 | 20.8 | 1,691 | 2.22 (1.72–2.86) | |
| 25–49 | 18.5 | 552 | 1.38 (0.90–2.09) | 30.0 | 1,886 | 3.71 (2.90–4.73) |
| < 25 | 16.4 | 4,275 | 1.22 (0.83–1.78) | 29.2 | 2,007 | 3.95 (3.09–5.06) |
a
RRs were adjusted for all variables in the table and additionally for age and sex. A total of 11,280 subjects were included in the analysis; participants with unknown information for any of the covariates were excluded from the analysis.
b
“Total” indicates the number of participants with the attribute, and “% of total” indicates the percentage of persons with that attribute that switched wells.