TABLE 2.

Associations Between Substance Use and Abuse and Pubertal Stage, Controlling for Age, School Grade Level, Gender, and Country, Among Grade 5, 7, and 9 Students in the United States and Australia

	OR (95% CI)
	Lifetime Substance Use (n = 5425)	Recent Substance Use (n = 3824)*	Substance Abuse (n = 3824)*	Multisubstance Abuse (n = 767)*†
Pubertal stage
I/II	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
III	1.7 (1.4–2.1)	1.4 (1.0–1.9)	2.0 (1.3–3.2)	1.5 (0.5–4.5)
IV/V	3.1 (2.4–4.2)	2.3 (1.7–3.3)	3.5 (2.2–5.4)	2.0 (0.7–6.1)
Age	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.5 (1.0–2.1)
School grade level	1.5 (1.2–2.0)	1.7 (1.2–2.4)	1.5 (0.9–2.3)	0.7 (0.3–1.4)
US sample	0.5 (0.4–0.6)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)	0.3 (0.2–0.4)	1.4 (0.9–2.2)
Female gender	0.6 (0.5–0.7)	0.7 (0.6–0.8)	0.6 (0.5–0.8)	1.0 (0.7–1.5)

^*Comparison involving grade 7 and 9 students only.

^†Comparison of those using ≥2 substances (n = 209) with single-substance abusers (n = 558).