TABLE 4.

Association of Puberty With Substance Abuse, After Adjustment for Putative Mediators of Social Connection, Peer Substance Use, and Sensation-Seeking, Among 3824 Grade 7 and 9 Secondary School Students

	OR (95% CI)*
	Unadjusted Associations	Multivariate Models Incorporating Putative Mediators
		Social Connection	Friends’ Substance Use	Sensation-Seeking	All Mediators
Pubertal stage
Early	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mid	2.0 (1.3–3.2)	1.8 (1.2–2.9)	1.6 (1.0–2.5)	1.8 (1.1–2.9)	1.5 (0.9–2.4)
Late	3.5 (2.2–5.4)	2.9 (1.8–4.7)	2.3 (1.5–3.0)	2.8 (1.7–4.5)	2.0 (1.3–3.2)
Age	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.2 (1.0–1.5)	1.3 (1.0–1.6)
School grade level	1.4 (1.0–2.1)	1.2 (0.8–1.8)	0.7 (0.5–1.1)	1.3 (0.8–2.0)	0.7 (0.4–1.1)
Family connection	0.45 (0.39–0.51)	0.60 (0.50–0.71)			0.80 (0.68–0.97)
School connection	0.25 (0.20–0.31)	0.37 (0.28–0.48)			0.76 (0.56–1.02)
Friends’ substance use	3.6 (3.2–4.0)		3.5 (3.2–3.9)		2.8 (2.5–3.2)
Sensation-seeking	2.1 (1.9–2.3)			2.0 (1.9–2.2)	1.6 (1.5–1.7)

^*All models were adjusted for country and gender as well as age and grade level.