Table 6.
Lifetime co-morbidity (OR) of DSM-IV Eating Disorders with other core NCS-R/DSM-IV disorders and related behaviors1
| Anorexia Nervosa | Bulimia Nervosa | Binge-eating Disorder | Subthreshold Binge-eating | Any binge-eating behavior | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I. Anxiety disorders | % | OR | (95% CI) | % | OR | (95%CI) | % | OR | (95% CI) | % | OR | (95% CI) | % | OR | (95%CI) |
| Panic disorder | 3.0 | 0.5 | (0.1–2.7) | 16.2 | 2.9* | (1.1–7.9) | 13.2 | 2.9* | (1.8–4.8) | 6.6 | 1.9 | (0.7–5.4) | 11.8 | 2.8* | (1.8–4.3) |
| Agoraphobia without panic | 4.6 | 3.2 | (0.6–17.8) | 10.8 | 8.9* | (3.0–26.2) | 6.5 | 5.2* | (1.9–13.9) | 6.0 | 5.8* | (1.5–22.1) | 6.2 | 5.6* | (2.4–12.9) |
| Specific phobia | 26.5 | 2.1* | (1.0–4.3) | 50.1 | 5.4* | (2.6–11.4) | 37.1 | 3.7* | (2.2.–6.5) | 20.7 | 2.0 | (0.9–4.3) | 32.5 | 3.3* | (2.3–4.7) |
| Social phobia | 24.8 | 2.1 | (0.9–5.2) | 41.3 | 4.7* | (2.7–8.3) | 31.9 | 3.2* | (2.1–4.9) | 26.8 | 2.5* | (1.5–4.3) | 31.0 | 3.2* | (2.4–4.3) |
| Generalized anxiety disorder | 7.0 | 1.0 | (0.3–3.5) | 11.8 | 1.9 | (0.9–4.1) | 11.8 | 2.0* | (1.2–3.3) | 9.9 | 2.3 | (0.6–8.6) | 11.9 | 2.2* | (1.5–3.2) |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 12.0 | 1.6 | (0.5–5.7) | 45.4 | 10.2* | (5.2–20.0) | 26.3 | 5.1* | (2.8–9.4) | 5.6 | 1.1 | (0.4–2.8) | 20.2 | 4.0* | (2.6–6.1) |
| Obsessive-compulsive disorder3 | 0.0 | … | … | 17.4 | 7.5* | (1.7–37.5) | 8.2 | 4.2* | (1.4–12.8) | 0.0 | … | … | 7.2 | 4.6* | (1.7–12.9) |
| Separation anxiety disorder | 7.5 | 1.7 | (0.4–6.3) | 15.7 | 3.5* | (1.4–9.0) | 12.2 | 3.3* | (1.7–6.3) | 2.6 | 0.8 | (0.2–3.5) | 9.7 | 2.7* | (1.6–4.8) |
| Any anxiety disorder4 | 47.9 | 1.9 | (0.9–4.1) | 80.6 | 8.6* | (3.4–21.6) | 65.1 | 4.3* | (2.6–7.1) | 40.4 | 2.0 | (1.0–4.0) | 59.5 | 3.7* | (2.5–5.5) |
| II. Mood disorders | |||||||||||||||
| Major depressive disorder | 39.1 | 2.7* | (1.3–5.7) | 50.1 | 4.3* | (1.7–10.8) | 32.3 | 2.2* | (1.3–3.7) | 17.7 | 1.3 | (0.6–2.7) | 30.9 | 2.2* | (1.6–3.2) |
| Dysthymia | 12.8 | 4.5* | (1.2–17.1) | 12.7 | 4.4* | (1.5–12.6) | 9.6 | 3.6* | (1.9–6.9) | 5.5 | 2.9 | (0.9–9.0) | 9.1 | 3.8* | (2.4–6.1) |
| Bipolar I-II disorders | 3.0 | 0.8 | (0.2–3.7) | 17.7 | 4.7* | (2.1–10.8) | 12.5 | 3.6* | (2.1–6.3) | 10.5 | 3.0 | (0.9–9.8) | 12.0 | 3.5* | (2.0–6.1) |
| Any mood disorder | 42.1 | 2.4* | (1.2–4.7) | 70.7 | 7.8* | (3.6–16.8) | 46.4 | 3.1* | (1.9–4.8) | 28.2 | 1.8 | (0.8–3.9) | 44.0 | 3.0* | (2.1–4.3) |
| III. Impulse-control disorders | |||||||||||||||
| Intermittent explosive disorder | 4.7 | 1.0 | (0.1–8.6) | 3.6 | 0.7 | (0.1–5.6) | 9.4 | 2.2* | (1.0–4.6) | 5.4 | 1.0 | (0.2–4.1) | 7.2 | 1.5 | (0.8–3.1) |
| Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder2 | 16.2 | 2.1 | (0.5–9.7) | 34.9 | 8.4* | (3.1–22.6) | 19.8 | 3.1* | (1.5–6.2) | 10.7 | 1.3 | (0.5–3.8) | 19.0 | 3.0* | (1.7–5.4) |
| Oppositional-defiant disorder2 | 10.5 | 1.4 | (0.2–8.1) | 26.9 | 5.1* | (2.1–12.5) | 18.9 | 2.9* | (1.4–6.3) | 6.9 | 0.9 | (0.2–3.5) | 15.6 | 2.4* | (1.3–4.3) |
| Conduct disorder2 | 9.8 | 1.2 | (0.2–6.7) | 26.5 | 4.7* | (2.0–10.8) | 20.0 | 2.6* | (1.4–4.8) | 7.0 | 0.5 | (0.1–2.2) | 17.2 | 1.9 | (1.0–3.8) |
| Any impulse-control disorder2 | 30.8 | 1.4 | (0.4–5.3) | 63.8 | 6.7* | (3.0–15.2) | 43.3 | 2.5* | (1.4–4.6) | 22.3 | 0.8 | (0.4–1.7) | 40.2 | 2.2* | (1.3–3.5) |
| IV. Substance use disorders | |||||||||||||||
| Alcohol abuse or dependence | 24.5 | 2.9* | (1.2–7.2) | 33.7 | 4.6* | (2.1–10.5) | 21.4 | 2.2* | (1.2–4.0) | 30.0 | 2.3 | (1.0–5.6) | 25.8 | 2.6* | (1.9–3.7) |
| Alcohol dependence | 12.3 | 3.0* | (1.3–7.0) | 22.7 | 6.3* | (2.3–17.3) | 12.4 | 2.7* | (1.1–6.7) | 21.4 | 4.1* | (1.4–11.8) | 15.7 | 3.5* | (2.1–5.8) |
| Illicit drug abuse or dependence | 17.7 | 3.4* | (1.3–8.4) | 26.0 | 5.3* | (1.6–17.6) | 19.4 | 3.4* | (1.9–6.1) | 22.9 | 2.9* | (1.3–6.4) | 20.2 | 3.4* | (2.2–5.2) |
| Illicit drug dependence | 5.2 | 2.2 | (0.4–12.5) | 15.0 | 8.0* | (1.5–43.7) | 10.6 | 4.9* | (2.2–11.3) | 13.5 | 4.5* | (1.5–13.5) | 11.0 | 4.9* | (2.8–8.7) |
| Any substance use disorder | 27.0 | 3.0* | (1.2–7.1) | 36.8 | 4.6* | (2.0–10.8) | 23.3 | 2.1* | (1.2–3.8) | 35.5 | 2.8* | (1.2–6.5) | 28.7 | 2.8* | (1.9–3.9) |
| V. Any disorder | |||||||||||||||
| Any disorder | 56.2 | 1.3 | (0.6–3.1) | 94.5 | 17.6* | (4.5–68.4) | 78.9 | 4.2* | (2.2–7.9) | 63.6 | 2.0 | (0.8–4.6) | 76.5 | 3.7* | (2.3–6.2) |
| Exactly one | 8.4 | 0.5 | (0.1–1.8) | 6.1 | 2.8 | (0.7–11.7) | 20.2 | 2.7* | (1.1–6.5) | 9.4 | 0.7 | (0.2–2.5) | 15.9 | 1.9 | (1.0–3.8) |
| Exactly two | 14.1 | 1.4 | (0.5–4.5) | 24.0 | 19.2* | (4.2–88.6) | 9.8 | 2.2* | (1.0–4.6) | 23.5 | 3.2* | (1.0–10.0) | 15.7 | 3.2* | (1.6–6.5) |
| Three or more | 33.8 | 2.3 | (0.9–5.4) | 64.4 | 33.7* | (8.7–131.1) | 48.9 | 7.6* | (4.0–14.5) | 30.7 | 2.6* | (1.1–5.9) | 45.0 | 6.4* | (3.9–10.5) |
*
Significant at the .05 level, two-sided test.
1
A separate logistic regression equation was estimated for each comorbid disorder and a single equation was estimated for number of comorbid disorders. Each equation controlled for respondent age (in five-year intervals), sex, and race-ethnicity.
2
Restricted to respondents in the age range 18–44 (n=1672)
3
Restricted to a random sub-sample of respondents (n=1139)
4
OCD was coded as absent among respondents who were not assessed for this disorder.