Table 1.

Characteristics of the NIDU studies in our systematic review (n=28)

Citation	Location	Enrollment Dates	Recruitment Setting	NIDU definition/sample	HCV Test	Sample	% anti-HCV +	95% C.I.	Chars of sample	% HIV+	% HBV+
Allwright et al., 2000	Ireland	September - November 1998	Prisons	Smoked heroin (in past 12 months), but did not inject	Saliva/ORTHO HCV 3.0, Saliva/RIBA HCV 3.0	119 NIDUs	9.2	4.7 , 15.9%		0	1.7*
Baozhang et al., 1997	Yunnan Province, China	unspecified	“community of drug addicts”	Oral heroin users	ELISA Shanghai…	59 NIDUs	20.3	11 , 32.8%			45.8
Broers et al., 1998	Geneva, Switzerland	1988 - 1995	Drug treatment	Never injected drugs	Ortho ELISA 1.0 or Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	114 NIDUs	7.0	3 , 13.4%	78% Male, mean age 25.5	0	6.3
Chang et al., 1999	Kaohsiung, Taiwan	October 1994 - February 1996	Drug treatment and Prison	Never injected drugs/in narcotics abstention program	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	652 NIDUs	14.7	12.1 , 17.7%	100% male
Denis et al., 2000	Belgium	1995-1998	Medical setting and Drug Treatment	Non-injection heroin users	MEIA or ELISA 2 or 3 and RIBA 2.0	85 NIDUs	2.4	0.3 , 8.2%	apx. 75% male; mean age 24.8	0	8.3
Feldman et al., 2000	Brooklyn, NY	March 1990 - December 1991	Medical Setting	100% female; no history of IDU, used crack	Abbott HCV EIA unspec	96 NIDUs	5.2	1.7 , 11.7%	100% female, at least one male sex partner in past year	6.3	30.6*
Fuller et al., 2004	Harlem and Bronx, NY	August 2000 - August 2003	Storefront/Street Outreach	15-40 years old; used heroin, crack, or cocaine 10 years or less; no history of IDU and used drugs at least once/week in the past two months	Ortho 2.0 ELISA & RIBA 3.0	683 NIDUs	4.4	3.0 , 6.2%
Galperim et al., 2004	Porto Alegre, Southern Brazil	February 1998 - March 1999	Drug Treatment	Intranasal cocaine use	COBAS CORE EIA II	44 NIDUs	2.3	.001, 12.0%
Garten et al., 2004	Guangxi Province, China	1999 and 2000	Storefront/Street Outreach	Non-injection heroin users	ELISA 3.0	106 NIDUs	28.3	20 , 37.9%
Gyarmathy et al., 2002	New York, NY	March 1996 - March 2001	Storefront/street outreach	Used non-injected heroin in past 30 days & never injected drugs	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	337 NIDUs	12.5	9.1 , 16.5%	69% male, 37% Hispanic	8.6	23.4*
Harsch et al., 2000	Milwaukee, WI	Unspecified	Research Clinic	Used non-injection cocaine and HCV negative or untested	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	80 NIDUs	13.8	7.1 , 23.3%		[see sample]
Hershow et al., 1998	Chicago, IL	October 1994 - November 1995	Medical Settings	HIV positive or at risk of HIV and used crack, cocaine or heroin	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0 & RIBA 2.0	89 NIDUs	18.0	10.6 , 27.5%	100% female
Howe et al., 2005	New York, NY	August 2000- ??	Storefront/Street Outreach	Noninjection use of heroin or cocaine [2-3× in past month but for no more than 10 years]; Ages 15-40	Ortho 2.0 ELISA and Chiron RIBA 3.0	722 NIDUs	3.9	2.6 , 5.6%	Median Age=30, IQR=24-35; 70% Male; 90% Black, Hisp; annual income < $5000 (83%); 80% ever homeless	9.8
Koblin et al., 2003	Manhattan and Bronx, NY	August 2000 - April 2002	Storefront/Street Outreach	Noninjection use of heroin or cocaine 2-3 times in past month but for no more than 10 years	Ortho 2.0 ELISA & RIBA 3.0	276 NIDUs	4.7	2.5 , 7.9%	62% male, 37% under 30, 56% Black and mean age 30.8
Lai et al., 2001	Guangxi Province, China	February 1998 - May 1998	Public health clinic	Noninjection use of heroin	Ortho 3.0 ELISA	40 NIDUs	32.5	18.6 , 49.1%
Maayan et al, 1994	Jerusalem, Israel	December 1988- March 1989	Drug Treatment	Never used injection drugs and in treatment	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	131 NIDUs	4.5	1.7, 9.7%	>90% heroin smokers	0	32.1* (3% coinfected
Mathei et al., 2005	Antwerp and Limburg Belgium	1999 - 2000	Drug Treatment/MMT sample	Never injected and not previously tested for HCV	Abbott HCV EIA 3.0 and RIBA 3.0	85 NIDUs	18.8	11.2 , 28.8%			18.8*
Njoh et al., 1997	Jeddah, Saudi Arabia	February 1995 - August 1996	Drug Treatment	Never used injection drugs and in treatment	Abbott HCV EIA 3.0	494 NIDUs	10.5	8.0 , 13.6%	62% of sample used drugs 5 years or more/100% male
Nyamathi, et al., 2002	Los Angeles, CA	1995 - 1999	Homeless shelters and street outreach	Never used injection drugs, homeless and used crack	Modified ORTHO HCV ELISA 3.0 & RIBA SIA	459 NIDUs	14.6	11.5, 18.2%	Homeless adults
Quaglio et al., 2003a and 2003b	Veneto Region, Italy	February 2001 - August 2001	Drug Treatment	Never injected drugs and receiving treatment for opiate addiction	Organon EIA	130 NIDUs	20.0	13.5 , 27.9%	82% male, mean age 30, mean yrs NIDU=9	1.5	13.1
Santana Rodriguez et al., 1998	Gran Canaria, Spain	June 1993 - June 1994	Drug Treatment Center	Never injected drugs and used heroin and/or cocaine	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0 & Immunoblot	260 NIDUs	35.3	29.6 , 41.5%	mean age=27.3; 78% Male	2.7	20.7*
Shrestha et al., 1998	Nepal	March 1997 - September 1997	Community Organization	Oral drug abusers	SMITEST HCV ELISA & Ortho HCV ELISA 2	20 NIDUs	30.0	11.9 , 54.3%	100% 20-29 year old males	5.0	15.0
Strasfeld et al., 2003	Bronx, NY	November 1999 - December 2000	Drug Treatment/mmt	100% HIV +, current or former opiate addicts who never injected	ORTHO HCV ELISA 3.0	157 NIDUs	31.8	24.6 , 39.7%
**Tortu et al., 2001	Lower East Side, New York, NY USA	March 1996 - July 1998	Street Outreach	NIDU heroin in past 30 days	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	358 NIDUs	16.8	13.0 , 21.0%	70% male
**Tortu et al., 2001	East Harlem, NY, NY USA	October 1997 - June 1999	Street Outreach	NIDU heroin, cocaine or crack in the past 30 days; Heterosexually active at least once/past six months	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	171 NIDUs	17.0	11.7 , 23.4%	100% female sample
Tortu et al., 2004	East Harlem, NY, NY USA	October 1997 - June 1999	Street Outreach	NIDU heroin, cocaine or crack in the past 30 days: Heterosexually active at least once/past six months	Abbott HCV EIA 2.0	123 NIDUs	19.5	12.9 , 27.6%	54% Afr-Am, 100% female	14.6
Van Ameijden et al., 1993	Amsterdam, Netherlands	Dec. 1985 - Sept. 1989	STD Clinic and Methadone program	Never injected drugs; No homosexual contact	Ortho HCV ELISA 1.0	36 NIDUs	11.0	3.1 , 26.1%		0	19.4*
Ward et al., 2000	London, UK	1995-1996	“Clinic Sample”	Sex worker crack users/never injected drugs	unspecified	40 NIDUs	5-6% (approx)	0.6 , 16.9%	100% female sample

^*Tested for HBc--all others tested for a combination of markers

^**The Tortu et al. 2001 article is one report which contains 2 separate studies