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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jun 15.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006 Dec 15;89(1):1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.014

Table 2.

HCV prevalence by drug-related risk factors in the NIDU studies in our sample

Duration of use Sharing of pipes or other
oral implements		 Sharing of straws or
other intranasal
implements		 Sharing of both pipes
and straws
*Heroin use:†
<=5 years: 7/118 (5.9%)
>5 years: 35/218 (16.1%)
(Gyarmathy)		 *Shared crack pipe:
No: 2/46 (4.3%)
Yes: 5/19 (26.3%) (Gyarmathy)		 *Shared rolled bank note for
heroin use:
No: 8/89 (9.0%)
Yes: 4/12 (33.3%) (Gyarmathy)		 *Ever shared both intranasal and
oral implements:
No: 7/65 (10.8%)
Yes: 17/58 (29.3%) (Tortu, 2004)
Crack use:
<=5 years: 26/209 (12.4%)
>5 years: 16/128 (12.5%)
(Gyarmathy)		 *Shared crack pipe when blood
present, past 6 months:
No: 27/717 (3.8%)
Yes: 1/ 3 (33.3%) (Howe)		 Shared straws or dollar bill to
sniff/snort cocaine, past 6 months:
No: 17/468 (3.6%)
Yes: 11/254 (4.3%) (Howe)		 Ever shared both intranasal and
oral implements w/IDU:
No: 22/118 (18.6%)
Yes: 2/5 (40.0%) (Tortu, 2004)
*Duration NIDU:
<10 years: 10/80 (12.5%)
>10 years: 16/50 (32.0%)
(Quaglio, study b)		 Ever shared crack implements
No: 6/47 (12.8%)
Yes: 18/76 (23.7%) (Tortu, 2004)		 Sharing straws or dollar bill to
sniff/snort heroin, past 6 months:
No: 24/592 (4.1%)
Yes: 4/130 (3.1%) (Howe)
Ever shared crack implements w/IDU
No: 20/107 (18.7%)
Yes: 4/16 (25%) (Tortu, 2004)		 Shared straw/dollar bill to
sniff/snort heroin w/cocaine, past
6 months:
No: 25/672 (3.7%)
Yes: 3/50 (6.0%) (Howe)
Ever shared oral implements
No: 6/47 (12.8%)
Yes: 18/76 (23.7%) (Tortu, 2004)		 Ever shared intranasal
implements:
No: 5/39 (12.8%)
Yes: 19/84 (22.6%) (Tortu 2004)
Ever shared oral implements w/IDU
No: 21/108 (19.4%)
Yes: 3/15 (20%) (Tortu, 2004)		 Ever shared intranasal implements
w/IDU:
No: 19/108 (17.6%)
Yes: 5/15 (33.3%) (Tortu 2004)
Ever shared heroin implements:
No: 13/72 (18.1%)
Yes: 11/40 (27.5%) (Tortu 2004)
Ever shared heroin implements
w/IDU:
No: 18/110 (16.4%)
Yes: 6/13 (46.2%) (Tortu 2004)
Ever shared cocaine implements:
No: 6/48 (12.5%)
Yes: 18/75 (24.0%) (Tortu 2004)
Ever shared cocaine implements
w/IDU:
No: 23/115 (20.0%)
Yes: 1/8 (12.5%) (Tortu 2004)
†

Among those NIDUs with 5 years or less duration of use, 5.9% were HCV positive

†

Among those NIDUs with over 5 year duration of use, 16.1% were HCV positive

*

p<.05