Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2007 Jun 21.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychologia. 2006 Jun 23;44(12):2348–2359. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.05.007
Version 1
 Literal items
  Johnny went on a hike with his brother. Suddenly he saw a huge snake next to his foot
  He said, “I am so scared” 90%
  Jim cleaned the backyard all day. He didn’t take any breaks
  Mother said, “Jim, maybe you should eat something” 90%
  Joe’s little brother fell and hurt his knee. Joe washed it and put a band-aid on it
  His brother said, “You are so nice to me” 100%
  Betsy and Mary were on the basketball team. Mary scored a lot of points in the game
  Betsy said, “Mary is a great player” 90%
  Jack was talking on the phone. Sally and Mary came in very quietly
  Jack said, “I didn’t notice you were here” 100%
  Betty and Laura were in the same class. Laura finished her homework before Betty
  Laura said, “You sure are a slow worker” 90%
  Harry waited in line for 3 h to see the movie. He enjoyed himself
  He said, “That was worth waiting for” 100%
  Ms. Jones asked the class to be very quiet. They got a prize for being the best-behaved class
  She said, “Thanks for listening to me” 100%
  Jim beat everyone in the class in chess. Harry introduced Jim to the new teacher
  He said, “Jim is our best chess player” 90%
 Metaphoric items
  In the morning John came to work early. He started to work right away at a fast pace
  His boss said, “John is a hurricane” 90%
  Father asked Mary to help him set the table. She sang a song as she put all the plates in their places
  Father said, “You are my sunshine” 100%
  Mary got straight A’s on her report card. Her parents were proud of her
  They said, “You are as sharp as a razor” 100%
  Susie helped her mom when her brother got sick. She took good care of him
  Her mom said, “You are an angel from heaven” 90%
  Tom and Mike planned to go on a picnic. In the morning the sun was shining
  Tom said, “It’s a golden day” 90%
  Larry told Sally that he knew how to cook. He gave her a taste of his wonderful stew
  Sally said, “This is heaven” 100%
  Lilly enjoyed herself at the movies. Jane asked her about the movie
  Lilly said, “I laughed my head off” 90%
  Donna was always late for everything. Today she made it home on time for supper
  Her dad said, “You have turned over a new leaf” 90%
  Laura was out sick for a week. Johnny called her every day
  Laura said, “You are a mother hen” 90%
 Ironic items
  Jane hates eggplant. Her mother prepared a big eggplant salad for supper
  Jane said, “Oh wow, my favorite food” 100%
  George went to Betty’s birthday party. Only two other people came
  He said, “It is really crowded here” 100%
  Tommy worked hard in the garden. His brother threw leaves at him
  Tommy said, “Thanks for all your help” 90%
  Ken was worried about having his hair cut. When the barber finished, Ken looked terrible
  He said, “Thanks for the great haircut” 100%
  John bragged that he could run faster than Amy. They had a race and she left him far behind
  She said, “You sure are faster than me” 90%
  Ann promised to keep her party dress clean. She came home covered in mud
  Her mom said, “Thanks for staying so clean” 90%
  George promised to be quiet in the library. He got in trouble for talking very loudly
  His dad said, “Thanks for keeping your promise” 100%
  At the restaurant Mark said he wasn’t hungry. He ordered only coffee and ate all of Ed’s fries
  Ed said, “I can see you’re not hungry” 100%
  Mary fell asleep during the movie. John woke her up at the end
  She said, “It was just too exciting for me” 90%
Version 2
 Literal items
  Jane loves chicken. Her mother prepared roast chicken for supper
  Jane said, “Oh wow, my favorite food” 80%
  Father asked Mary to help him set the table. She sang a song as she put all the plates and silverware in their places
  Father said, “You are really helping me” 90%
  Mary got straight A’s on her report card. Her parents were proud of her
  They said, “What a smart girl you are!” 100%
  Tommy worked hard in the garden. His brother came and raked the leaves
  Tommy said, “Thanks for all your help” 80%”
  Susie helped her mom when her brother got sick. She took good care of him
  Her mom said, “You deserve a prize” 70%
  George promised to be quiet in the library. He sat in a corner looking at a book
  His dad said, “Thanks for keeping your promise” 100%
  Donna was always late. Her parents bought her a new watch, and she was on time for supper
  Her dad said, “I’m glad we got you a watch” 100%
  Mary couldn’t sleep after seeing the movie. She told John about it
  She said, “It was just too exciting for me” 80%
  Laura was out sick for a week. Johnny called her every day
  Laura said, “Thanks for worrying about me” 90%
 Metaphoric items
  George went to Betty’s birthday party. Fifty people crowded into her small apartment
  He said, “I feel like a sardine” 90%
  Jim ate a big lunch with three desserts. When he finished he asked for more
  Mom said, “Jim, you are a bottomless pit” 90%
  Jack was talking on the phone. Sally and Mary came in very quietly
  Jack said, “You are as quiet as mice” 80%
  Betty and Laura were in the same class. Laura finished her homework before Betty
  Laura said, “You work like a snail” 80%
  Ken was worried about having his hair cut. When the barber finished, Ken’s ears stuck out
  He said, “You’ve turned me into a clown” 90%
  John bragged to Amy that he could run faster than Amy. They had a race and he left her far behind
  Amy said, “You are like greased lightning” 90%
  Ann promised to keep her party dress clean. She came home covered in mud
  Her mom said, “You are a dirt magnet” 90%
  At the restaurant Mark said he wasn’t hungry. He ordered only coffee and ate all of Ed’s fries
  Ed said, “You’re like a vacuum cleaner” 90%
  Ms. Jones asked the class to be very quiet. The principal yelled at them for making noise
  She said, “I feel like I’m talking to the walls” 80%
 Ironic items
  Johnny’s little sister was mad at him. When she tried to hit him Johnny laughed at her
  He said, “I am so scared” 90%
  In the morning John came to work late. He immediately decided to take a break
  His boss said, “Don’t work so hard” 90%
  Joe’s little brother fell and hurt his knee. Joe laughed and didn’t help him get up
  His brother said, “You are so nice to me” 90%
  Betsy and Mary were on the basketball team. They lost the game when Mary missed all her shots
  Betsy said, “Mary is a great player” 70%
  Tom and Mike planned to go on a picnic. In the morning it was raining very hard
  Tom said, “Great weather for a picnic” 90%
  Larry told Sally that he knew how to cook. When she tasted his watery stew, it was awful
  Sally said, “You sure are a great cook” 80%
  Lilly was nervous walking alone at night. Her brother sneaked up and scared her
  Lilly said, “Very funny” 100%
  Harry waited in line for 3 h to see the movie. It was very boring
  He said, “That was worth waiting for” 90%
  Jim lost all the chess games he ever played. Harry introduced Jim to the new teacher
  Harry said, “Jim is our best chess player” 90%