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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2008 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neuropsychologia. 2007 Apr 8;45(7):1553–1570. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.002

Table 2.

Effect of imageability and frequency on repetition, reading and spelling to dictation (PALPA 9/40)

Imageability Frequency Dyslexic-1 Dyslexic-2 Dysphasic-2 Dysphasic-1
Repetition (items correct) High High .90 1 .80 .45 (.60)
High Low .90 .95 .85 .15 (.25)
Low High .90 .80 .60 0 (0)
Low Low .60 .85 .65 0 (0)
High All .90 .98 .83 .30 (.43)
Low All .75 .83 .63 0 (0)
All items .83 .90 .73 .15 (.21)
Reading (items correct) High High .65 (.90) .90 .80 .35
High Low .75 (.90) .80 .60 .25
Low High .60 (.75) .55 .45 0
Low Low .55 (.55) .55 .65 .10
High All .70 (.90) .85 .70 .30
Low All .58 (.65) .55 .55 .05
All items .64 (.78) .70 .63 .18
Spelling to dictation (items correct) High High .20 .50 .50 .35
High Low .30 .35 .35 .25
Low High 0 .05 .15 0
Low Low .05 .0 .05 0
High All .25 .43 .43 .30
Low All .03 .03 .10 0
All items .14 .23 .26 .15
Spelling to dictation (letters correct) High High .47 .60 .76 .87
High Low .53 .67 .75 .71
Low High .31 .16 .34 .08
Low Low .38 .44 .54 .43
High All .50 .64 .75 .79
Low All .27 .25 .33 .07
All items .38 .44 .54 .43

N = 80 items. Figures show proportions of items/letters produced correctly on first response (self corrections in parentheses for patients who made them frequently).