Table 3.
Multivariable Associations of Physical Activity Before and During Pregnancy With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Abnormal Glucose Tolerance
| Before Pregnancy (n = 1,638)
|
During Pregnancy (n = 1,581)
|
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GDM
|
Abnormal Glucose Tolerance
|
GDM
|
Abnormal Glucose Tolerance
|
|||||
| Physical Activity | Cases (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Cases (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Cases (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) | Cases (n) | Adjusted OR* (95% CI) |
| Walking (h/wk) | ||||||||
| 1 or less | 16 | 1.0 (Referent) | 45 | 1.0 (Referent) | 18 | 1.0 (Referent) | 53 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| More than 1 | 60 | 0.67 (0.34–1.34) | 231 | 0.77 (0.52–1.13) | 59 | 0.67 (0.35–1.30) | 218 | 0.71 (0.49–1.02) |
| Light/moderate activity | ||||||||
| None | 27 | 1.0 (Referent) | 97 | 1.0 (Referent) | 48 | 1.0 (Referent) | 160 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Any | 49 | 1.16 (0.67–1.99) | 179 | 1.15 (0.86–1.53) | 29 | 0.70 (0.41–1.21) | 111 | 0.79 (0.60–1.05) |
| Vigorous activity | ||||||||
| None | 40 | 1.0 (Referent) | 132 | 1.0 (Referent) | 62 | 1.0 (Referent) | 220 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Any | 36 | 0.56 (0.33–0.95) | 144 | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) | 15 | 0.90 (0.47–1.70) | 51 | 0.73 (0.52–1.03) |
| Light/moderate or vigorous activity | ||||||||
| None | 21 | 1.0 (Referent) | 73 | 1.0 (Referent) | 43 | 1.0 (Referent) | 146 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Any | 55 | 0.91 (0.51–1.65) | 203 | 1.00 (0.73–1.37) | 34 | 0.73 (0.43–1.25) | 125 | 0.76 (0.57–1.00) |
| Total (h/wk) | ||||||||
| 2 or less | 13 | 1.0 (Referent) | 41 | 1.0 (Referent) | 22 | 1.0 (Referent) | 66 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 3–6 | 22 | 0.78 (0.34–1.76) | 77 | 0.84 (0.54–1.31) | 28 | 0.72 (0.37–1.40) | 110 | 0.94 (0.65–1.34) |
| 7–13 | 26 | 0.63 (0.28–1.39) | 102 | 0.82 (0.53–1.25) | 17 | 0.59 (0.28–1.23) | 71 | 0.80 (0.54–1.19) |
| 14 or more | 15 | 0.70 (0.30–1.68) | 56 | 0.79 (0.49–1.26) | 10 | 0.91 (0.37–2.21) | 24 | 0.68 (0.40–1.16) |
| P (trend) | .46 | .40 | .71 | .10 | ||||
| Sedentary lifestyle (total activity 2 h/wk or less) | ||||||||
| Not sedentary | 63 | 1.0 (Referent) | 235 | 1.0 (Referent) | 55 | 1.0 (Referent) | 205 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| Sedentary | 13 | 1.44 (0.70–2.96) | 41 | 1.22 (0.83–1.81) | 22 | 1.43 (0.79–2.59) | 66 | 1.18 (0.85–1.63) |
| Television viewing (h/d) | ||||||||
| Less than 2 | 46 | 1.0 (Referent) | 184 | 1.0 (Referent) | 47 | 1.0 (Referent) | 174 | 1.0 (Referent) |
| 2 or more | 30 | 1.28 (0.75–2.18) | 92 | 0.99 (0.74–1.32) | 29 | 1.03 (0.59–1.78) | 95 | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
All odds ratios are adjusted for participant’s age, race/ethnicity, prepregnancy body mass index, history of GDM in a previous pregnancy, and mother’s history of diabetes.