TABLE 3.
ODDS RATIO OF CHRONIC PULMONARY OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASE ACCORDING TO CURED MEAT CONSUMPTION
| Frequency of Cured Meat Consumption
|
p Value for Trend | OR per 1 Time/mo Increase | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never | 1–2 Times/mo | 3–4 Times/mo | 5–13 Times/mo | ⩾ 14 Times/mo | |||
| No. of COPD cases (weighted), millions | 1.42 | 1.90 | 1.83 | 2.35 | 1.93 | ||
| Estimated population (weighted), millions | 15.0 | 14.1 | 14.5 | 15.0 | 9.60 | ||
| COPD prevalence, % | 9.47 | 13.5 | 12.6 | 15.7 | 20.1 | ||
| OR (95% CI), model 1* | 1.00 (ref) | 1.55 (1.00–2.40) | 1.51 (1.07–2.15) | 1.92 (1.36–2.71) | 2.41 (1.81–3.21) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (1.02–1.03) |
| OR (95% CI), model 2† | 1.00 (ref) | 1.45 (0.91–2.32) | 1.25 (0.82–1.89) | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) | 1.93 (1.41–2.64) | 0.001 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
| OR (95% CI), model 3‡ | 1.00 (ref) | 1.42 (0.86–2.34) | 1.14 (0.74–1.74) | 1.50 (0.95–2.35) | 1.78 (1.29–2.47) | 0.002 | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) |
Definition of abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR = odds ratio.
Results were adjusted for age, sex, and race/ethnicity.
Results were adjusted for all the variables in model 1 plus smoking variables: smoking status (see Table 1 footnote), pack-years of smoking, serum cotinine concentration, and household environmental tobacco smoke.
Results were adjusted for all the variables in model 2 plus education, family income, body mass index, physician diagnosis of asthma, use of acetaminophen, aspirin, and ibuprofen, serum total:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, serum levels of vitamins C, D, and E, β-carotene, and selenium, dietary intake of vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene, fish, fruits, vegetables, and total calories, and use of vitamin or mineral supplements.