Figure 2.

Regulation of GRX1 and S-glutathionylation by IFN-γ and TGF-β1 in vitro. (A) Primary airway epithelial cells were treated with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 or (B) 20 pg/ml IFN-γ; for the indicated time frames, mRNA was collected, reverse transcribed, and analyzed for GRX1 (filled bars) and GRX2 (open bars) expression relative to HPRT by TaqMan PCR. Data are expressed as mean (± SD) and *P < 0.05. (C) Primary airway epithelial cells were treated with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 or 20 pg/ml IFN-γ for 48 h. Upper panels: Immunohistochemistry for GRX1 was performed (red) and nuclei were counterstained with Sytox Green (green). Lower panels: GRX1-reversible cysteine oxidation was performed (red) and nuclei were counterstained with Sytox Green (green). As reagent controls, either primary antibody (top) or GRX (-GRX, bottom) were omitted from the reaction mix.