Double staining for CD28/CD80 (a), CD28/CD86 (b), CTLA-4/CD80 (c), CTLA-4/CD86 (d) and CD40L/CD40 (e) in the periodontitis lesion. In CD28/CD80 and CD28/CD86 double staining, CD80 and CD86 were immunolabelled with peroxidase, whereas CD28 was immunolabelled with alkaline phosphatase. In CTLA-4/CD80, CTLA-4/CD86 and CD40L/CD40 double staining, CTLA-4 and CD40L were immunolabelled with peroxidase, whereas CD80, CD86 and CD40 were immunolabelled with alkaline phosphatase (×200). Cognate interaction between receptors and their ligands is seen (arrowheads).