Table 3.
Constitutional | Environmental |
---|---|
Cigarette smoking | Variable antigen exposure |
Age (childhood) | Antigen concentration |
HLA haplotype | Dusts (particle size) |
Cytokines | Immunomodulation |
Acute symptoms | Virus infection |
Polymorphism | Bacterial LPS and fungal glucan [77] |
Tachyphylaxis | |
Subclinical disease progressionand tissue remodelling/fibrosis |