Table 1.
Molecular Changes in MDN
| Genetic changes | Chromosomal regions | References |
|---|---|---|
| Karyotypic alterations | 1p and 9p | 60, 67, 75, 76 |
| Allelic loss | 1p, 9p and 17p | 79, 80, 81, 152 |
| Loss of tumor suppressor genes | ||
| TP53 gene | 17p.13 | 79, 80, 101 |
| p16/CDKN2A gene | 9p22-21 | 80, 92, 93 |
| Melastatin | 15q13-q14 | 131, 132, 133 |
| Alterations of MMR protein expression | 54 | |
| Microsatellite Instability | 1p32-36 and 9p22-21 | 53, 152 |
| Oncogenes | ||
| ras gene | 19q13.3-qter | 158, 159 |
| myc gene | 8q24, 12q24.13 | 161, 162, 163 |
| Alterations of the extracellular proteins | ||
| Interstitial collagens type I, III, and VI | 17q21, 2q31, 21q22 | 166, 167, 168, 169 |
| Tenascin and fibronectin | 6p21.3, 2q34 | 165, 169, 170 |
| Alterations of growth factors | ||
| Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) | 4q25-27 | 171, 172 |