Table 2.
Updated tobacco smoking and the risk of glioma among men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS, 1986–2002) and women in the Nurses’ Health Study (NHS, 1976–2002) and the NHS II (1989–2003)
|
Smoking Status |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Pasta |
||||
| Never | ⩾10Years | <10 Years | Current | |
| Men | ||||
| Cases/person-years | 50/320,161 | 44/235,938 | 11/58,617 | 5/50,452 |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.05 (0.69–1.58) | 1.39 (0.71–2.69) | 0.66 (0.26–1.68) |
| MV RR (95% CI)c | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.74–1.73) | 1.57 (0.80–3.09) | 0.75 (0.29–1.93) |
| Women | ||||
| Cases/person-years | 115/2,270,948 | 59/839,375 | 31/446,247 | 50/817,994 |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 1.21 (0.82–1.82) | 1.08 (0.77–1.52) |
| MV RR (95% CI)c,d | 1.00 (reference) | 1.12 (0.81–1.55) | 1.30 (0.87–1.96) | 1.11 (0.78–1.58) |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)c,e | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.87–1.46) | 1.37 (0.97–1.95) | 1.06 (0.76–1.47) |
|
Total Pack-years of Smoking |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–9 | 10–24 | 25–44 | ⩾45 | Trend Testpvalue | |
| Men | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 50/320,161 | 12/68,548 | 23/129,556 | 17/95,423 | 8/53,985 | |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.58–2.05) | 1.14 (0.69–1.89) | 0.96 (0.55–1.68) | 0.68 (0.32–1.47) | 0.23 |
| MV RR (95% CI)c | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.60–2.17) | 1.25 (0.75–2.09) | 1.09 (0.61–1.93) | 0.72 (0.33–1.60) | 0.35 |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases/person-years | 115/2,270,948 | 46/731,176 | 43/701,939 | 30/470,475 | 21/213,977 | |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 1.20 (0.84–1.71) | 0.90 (0.59–1.35) | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) | 0.81 |
| MV RR (95% CI)c,d | 1.00 (reference) | 1.29 (0.91–1.82) | 1.21 (0.85–1.73) | 0.93 (0.61–1.41) | 1.03 (0.63–1.67) | 0.83 |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)c,e | 1.00 (reference) | 1.25 (0.92–1.70) | 1.22 (0.91–1.64) | 0.98 (0.70–1.38) | 0.93 (0.62–1.41) | 0.50 |
|
Number of Years Smoked |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 1–14 | 15–24 | 25–34 | ⩾35 | Trend Testpvalue | |
| Men | ||||||
| Cases/person-yearsf | 50/320,161 | 8/51,614 | 15/97,566 | 13/88,399 | 24/109,919 | |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.47–2.12) | 0.96 (0.54–1.73) | 0.86 (0.46–1.60) | 1.12 (0.68–1.84) | 0.78 |
| MV RR (95% CI)c | 1.00 (reference) | 1.02 (0.48–2.17) | 1.06 (0.58–1.91) | 0.94 (0.50–1.78) | 1.29 (0.76–2.17) | 0.82 |
| Women | ||||||
| Cases/person-yearsf | 115/2,270,948 | 35/647,748 | 36/623,219 | 27/466,237 | 42/380,320 | |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.77–1.65) | 1.28 (0.88–1.87) | 0.96 (0.62–1.48) | 1.02 (0.70–1.47) | 0.64 |
| MV RR (95% CI)c,d | 1.00 (reference) | 1.18 (0.80–1.73) | 1.34 (0.91–1.97) | 1.02 (0.66–1.58) | 1.04 (0.72–1.52) | 0.47 |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)c,e | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.81–1.61) | 1.25 (0.91–1.73) | 0.99 (0.69–1.43) | 1.12 (0.83–1.52) | 0.54 |
|
Age Started to Smoke |
|||
|---|---|---|---|
| Never | ⩽19 Years | ⩾20 Years | |
| Men | |||
| Cases/person-yearsg | 50/320,161 | 35/183,968 | 25/163,543 |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 1.10 (0.71–1.71) | 0.87 (0.54–1.42) |
| MV RR (95% CI)c | 1.00 (reference) | 1.21 (0.77–1.90) | 0.97 (0.59–1.60) |
| Women | |||
| Cases/person-yearsg | 115/2,270,948 | 62/1,273,275 | 78/844,269 |
| RRb | 1.00 (reference) | 0.87 (0.64–1.19) | 1.32 (0.99–1.77) |
| MV RR (95% CI)c,d | 1.00 (reference) | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | 1.37 (1.00–1.84) |
| Pooled MV RR (95% CI)c,e | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.77–1.30) | 1.25 (0.96–1.61) |
Person-years do not add up to total because of missing information on time since quit for past smokers.
Rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) are adjusted for age.
Multivariable (MV) RR and 95% CI are adjusted for age, total meat intake, and alcohol and coffee consumption.
Pooled RR and trend test p value obtained from pooling the beta-coefficient and standard error estimates for women in the NHS and the NHS II by using the DerSimonian and Laird38 random-effects model (no evidence of heterogeneity by cohort; pvalues for heterogeneity for each category were >0.9).
Pooled RR and trend test p value obtained from pooling the beta-coefficient and standard error estimates for men and women (NHS and NHS II) by using the DerSimonian and Laird38random-effects model (no evidence of heterogeneity by sex; pvalues for heterogeneity for each category were >0.9).
Person-years do not add up to total because of missing information on number of years smoked.
Person-years do not add up to total because of missing information on age started to smoke.