. 2007 Jul;97(7):1275–1282. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2006.091827

TABLE 3—

Association Between Self-Reported Everyday Discrimination and Categories of Chronic Health Conditions, by Ethnicity: National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002–2003

	All Asian and Pacific Islander Americans (n = 2095)		Vietnamese Americans (n = 520)		Filipino Americans (n = 508)		Chinese Americans (n = 600)
	Model 1, OR (95% CI)^a,b	Model 2, OR (95% CI)^a,b	Model 1, OR (95% CI)^a	Model 2, OR (95% CI)^a	Model 1, OR (95% CI)^a	Model 2, OR (95% CI)^a	Model 1, OR (95% CI)^a	Model 2, OR (95% CI)^a
Cardiovascular conditions
Everyday discrimination	1.69 (1.20, 2.39)**	1.69 (1.21, 2.38)**	1.85 (1.07, 3.18)*	1.87 (1.03, 3.39)*	1.19 (0.88, 1.60)	1.16 (0.88, 1.52)	1.65 (1.03, 2.65)*	1.69 (1.00, 2.83)*
Social desirability bias		1.02 (0.09, 1.12)		1.07 (0.93, 1.23)		0.89 (0.76, 1.04)		1.07 (0.89, 1.27)
Respiratory conditions
Everyday discrimination	1.37 (1.18, 1.58)***	1.37 (1.18, 1.58)***	1.47 (1.04, 2.08)*	1.45 (1.01, 2.06)*	2.06 (1.63, 2.61)**	2.02 (1.61, 2.54)**	1.17 (0.84, 1.64)	1.21 (0.87, 1.67)
Social desirability bias		1.00 (0.93, 1.06)		1.06 (0.92, 1.22)		0.99 (0.90, 1.09)		1.07 (0.97, 1.18)
Pain conditions
Everyday discrimination	1.69 (1.45, 1.98)***	1.71 (1.46, 1.99)***	2.11 (1.34, 3.33)**	2.12 (1.33, 3.38)**	1.50 (1.12, 2.01)**	1.51 (1.15, 1.99)**	1.23 (0.90, 1.67)	1.25 (0.92, 1.70)
Social desirability bias		0.98 (0.92, 1.04)		0.96 (0.87, 1.06)		0.9 (0.80, 1.01)		1.04 (0.95, 1.14)
Other conditions
Everyday discrimination	0.88 (0.63, 1.24)	0.89 (0.63, 1.25)	1.12 (0.57, 2.21)	1.13 (0.57, 2.23)	1.18 (0.85, 1.63)	1.18 (0.86, 1.63)	0.57 (0.27, 1.20)	0.54 (0.25, 1.17)
Social desirability bias		0.98 (0.92, 1.04)		1.04 (0.88, 1.24)		1.07 (0.93, 1.22)		0.92 (0.72, 1.18)

Note. OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Everyday discrimination was determined using a 9-item survey, adopted from the Detroit Area Study, measuring perceptions of chronic and routine unfair treatment (scale = 1–6); see “Methods” section. Social desirability was measured with a 10-item scale indicating the tendency of people to respond to surveys in ways that present a favorable impression of themselves. Model 1 included only everyday discrimination, and model 2 included everyday discrimination and social desirability bias.

^aAnalyses controlled for age, gender, per capita income, education, employment, marital status, nativity, language proficiency, region, and same household. Discrimination was modeled as a continuous variable in all models. Analyses are weighted to be nationally representative.

^bAnalysis controlled for ethnicity, in addition to all covariates noted in footnote a.

*P > .05; **P > .01; ***P > .001.