FIG. 4.

Verification of 10957U-ins as a determinant of 3′ CSI PPMO resistance. (A) Resistance phenotypes of wild-type virus, R-3′ CSI virus from selection I, and three recombinant viruses (C7891U, 10957U-ins, and C7891U 10957U-ins viruses). The experimental procedures were as described in Materials and Methods. The data are means ± standard deviations (n ≥ 3). (B) Effects of 10957U-ins on the thermodynamically predicted 5′ UAR-3′ UAR interaction. (C) 10957U-ins-mediated disturbance of an internal stem region of the 3′ stem-loop structure of the WNV genome. The 3′ CSI PPMO and the 3′ CSI are indicated by thick and thin lines, respectively. In panels B and C, regions containing the 10957U-ins-mediated structural changes are highlighted in gray.