Qualitative determination of biofilm formation by the tube adherence assay. Tubes: 1, S. epidermidis RP62A (used as a positive control); 2, S. carnosus TM300 (used as a negative control); 3, background control containing only TSB; 4, parent strain S. epidermidis O-47; 5, plasmid-complemented mutant; 6 to 8, hemB mutant. Tubes 1 to 6 were incubated for 24 h, tube 7 was incubated for 48 h, and tube 8 was incubated for 72 h.