Figure 3.

CD disrupts the papilla cell actin cytoskeleton, pollen grain hydration, and germination following cross-pollination. A, Control cells untreated with 100 μm CD and stained with rhodamine-phalloidin as in Figure 1. B, Cells treated with 100 μm CD and stained with rhodamine-phalloidin as in Figure 1. C, Papilla cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of CD for 4 h prior to pollination. At 1.5 h after cross-pollen application, the extent of pollen grain hydration and germination was observed by light microscopy. Data shown represent the means ± sd of 50 cells from five independent experiments; asterisks indicate values significantly different (P < 0.05) from the control determined by Student's t test.