Table 1. Summary of Representative In vitro Studies Showing Effects of Toxic Substances on Cell Adhesion Molecules of the Apical Junctional Complex in Renal Epithelial Cells.

Substance	Model System	Molecules Affected or General Response	Reference
Cadmium	LLC-PK1 cells	E-cadherin	Prozialeck & Niewenhuis, 1991a; Prozialeck, 2000
	MDCK cells	E-cadherin	Prozialeck & Lamar, 1997; Zimmerhackl et al., 1998
	MDCK cells	inhibition of tight junction formation	Contreras et al., 1992
	Human proximal tubule epithelial cells	increase in paracellular permeability, alterations in ultrastructure of apical cell membrane	Hazen-Martin et al., 1993
Bismuth	LLC-PK1 cells	N- cadherin	(Leussink et al., 2001)
Yessotoxin	MDCK cells	E-cadherin	(Ronzitti et al., 2004)
Clostridium sordelli lethal toxin	MCCD cells	E-cadherin	(Boehm et al., 2006)
Cisplatin	LLC-PK1 cells	E-cadherin	(Imamdi et al., 2004)
Radiocontrast agents (diatriazonate and toxaglate)	MDCK cells	E-cadherin, ZO-1, occludin	(Schick & Haller, 1999; Schick et al., 2002)
Ochratoxin A	MDCK cells	E-cadherin, β-catenin, connexin 43	(Mally et al., 2006)
Vibrio cholerae hemaglutinin/protease	MDCK cells	ZO-1, occludin	(Wu et al., 2000)
Cyanide	Mouse proximal tubule cells	E-cadherin, catenins	(Sinha et al., 2003)
H2O2	MDCK cells	occludin	(Jepson, 2003)
	MDCK cells	ZO-1 and occludin	(Meyer et al., 2001)
	NRK-52E cells	E-cadherin, β-catenin, ZO-1	(Saenz-Morales et al., 2006)
Cyclosporine A	Human proximal tubule cells	β-catenin	(McMorrow et al., 2005)
	LLC-PK1 cells	E-cadherin	(Zimmerhackl et al., 1997)